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• W2267844739 abstract "The United Nations' Habitat Program indicates that a major proportion of dwellers in squatter settlements in developing countries are women and children, who represent the poorest households (United Nations Centre for Human Settlements, 1982). A number of studies have documented this phenomenon. In the urban areas of Brazil, Chile, Venezuela, and El Salvador, about 43 to 45 percent of the population are female heads, and in Paraguay and Honduras, one in three women are heads (Lycette and Jaramillo, 1984). Latin American female heads tend to be in the 15 to 44 age range, are poorly educated, and hold low-status formal-sector jobs or work as petty traders or domestic workers in the informal sector.In sub-Saharan Africa, it is difficult to compare the levels of female-headed households since many households report the male as head even when the spouse is not present on a regular basis. Evidence of this phenomenon shows strong regional differences. In southern African countries about 28 to 50 percent of women are female heads of households: Botswana, 45 percent; Malawi, 29 percent; and in Zambia, about 28 percent (United Nations, 1991). Contributing factors include heavy out migration of men to places of employment such as the diamond and copper mines, high rates of marital instability, and women's increasing preference for remaining single (Akeroyd, 1991). High percentages of female-headed households are also found in East African countries as a result of migration and divorce. In a Nairobi squatter settlement, for example over 50 percent of household were headed by women (Brydon and Chant, 1989). In West African countries, the percentage of female-headed households is lower than other regions, ranging form 10 percent to 27 percent (Buvinic and Youssef, 1978; United Nations, 1991). The lower percentages may reflect differences in migratory behavior. In West African countries more family migration takes place. That is, women and children move with husbands to cities rather than being left behind in rural areas.The emergence of female-headed households is a direct result of the economic and demographic transformations that are taking place in developing countries. Evidence of these changes include the monetization of the economy and the growth of commerce, industries, and government employment in major cities. These factors promote rural to urban movements of population, and consequently, have influenced the breakdown of the family structure. As countries continue to undergo socioeconomic development, the number of female-headed households is expected to increase.The growing proportion of female heads of households raises several research questions: To what extent do female heads of households represent the poorest households? How do the women provide shelter for themselves and their children? Do they have different shelter and community needs than male headed households?Our purpose is to investigate the shelter and related needs of female-headed households residing in low-income communities in a West African city. Through analysis of survey data collected on male and female heads of households in settlements in Monrovia, Liberia, we explore the degree to which female-headed households exist in the city, the extent to which they represent the poorest households, the type of shelter they obtain in the city, strategies used to mobilize resources to become homeowners, and the perceived shelter and community needs of the women. Two methods of analysis are used to present the findings. Three-and four-way contingency tables show detailed differences between men and women on select socioeconomic and housing variables. Logistic regression analysis is employed as a summary technique to indicate key factors that distinguish men from women in the housing market.THE STUDY SITEFounded in 1847 by African-American slaves and freed settlers, the Republic of Liberia is the oldest independent state in West Africa. …" @default.
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• W2267844739 title "Do Female-Headed Households Have Different Shelter Needs than Men? The Case of Monrovia, Liberia" @default.
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