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• W227050065 abstract "Q The number of MRSA cases per year is rising--especially during football season. Could you tell me more about MRSA and what is causing this rise? A When it comes to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, or MRSA (pronounced mersa), the name says it all. MRSA is a strain of S. aureus bacteria--often called staph--that is resistant to most forms of antibiotics used to treat it. Many of us are colonized with staph, meaning it can be found in the nose or on the skin but is not causing an infection and is therefore not producing symptoms. Occasionally, the bacteria enter the body and can cause severe illness--it can even be fatal. A 2007 report in Emerging Infectious Diseases estimated that the number of MRSA-related hospitalizations more than doubled nationwide from 1999 to 2005 (Klein, Smith, and Laxminarayan 2007). Although the evolutionary prowess of bacteria is partly responsible for the surge in MRSA infections, we humans are mostly to blame. MRSA and other resistant bacteria emerged (and spread) because of their survival advantage in an environment where antibiotics are overused. We often misuse antibiotics, taking them for viral infections (where they have absolutely no effect) or minor infections (where they are usually unnecessary) and rarely finishing the dosage we are given. We give antibiotics to our livestock, which we eat, and allow their feedlot runoff to contaminate streams and groundwater, which we drink. Through a combination of these and other factors, we have helped contribute to the rise of this superbug. MRSA infections can range from mild to severe and symptoms depend on where the infection site is located. Staph infections of the skin often start out as little red bumps that look like pimples, spider bites, or boils and may turn into larger abscesses. Occasionally, staph bacteria can get inside the body and cause life-threatening infections in surgical wounds, the lungs, bones, joints, the bloodstream, heart, and the urinary tract (Mayo Clinic 2008). Intravenous drug users or patients on dialysis--and others who introduce material into breaks in the skin--are at an increased risk. MRSA can spread through direct contact and through contaminated objects or surfaces. Historically, infections have been categorized by the settings in which they are transmitted, as either healthcare (or hospital)-associated MRSA (HA-MRSA) or community-associated MRSA (CA-MRSA). For instance, a Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) study found that 85% of MRSA infections were healthcare-related--with almost two-thirds occurring outside the hospital and one-third during hospitalization--and that 14% were community-associated (Klevens et al. 2007). Recent CA-MSRA strains seem to be more virulent and cause more severe illness than HA-MSRA, including sepsis, toxic shock syndrome, and flesh-eating (necrotizing) pneumonia (NIAID 2006). CAMSRA is also the most frequent cause of emergency room visits for skin and soft tissue infections across the United States (Klevens et al. 2007). It is important to note that there is so much crossover now between CA-MSRA and HA-MSRA, that many find these delineations are not as useful as they once were. In addition, there is some discrepancy about whether the CA/HA distinction is based simply on where the infection originated or on true genetic characteristics of the bacteria themselves. As our question this month states, many cases have been found in contact sports such as football, as the bacteria spreads easily through cuts and abrasions and is most often transmitted through skin-to-skin contact (Benjamin, Nikore, and Takagishi 2007). A 2007 investigation of high school football players at a training camp in Brooklyn, New York, found close to a 12% MRSA-infection rate among team members and that risk was higher among those who shared towels and had a higher body-mass index (BMI) (CDC 2009). A 2003 study on the St. …" @default.
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• W227050065 date "2009-04-01" @default.
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• W227050065 title "Health Wise: April/May 2009, Helping Students Make Healthy Choices" @default.
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