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• W2271491631 abstract "In this thesis, a novel, low-energy process route for primary production of copper that utilises synergies between hydro- and pyro-metallurgical processes is proposed. The process involves precipitating copper from an acidic leach solution by pH adjustment. This precipitation step separates and concentrates the copper from the leach solution. The concentrated copper precipitate is then fed to a pyrometallurgical copper smelter or converter. Research on this process focused on four areas: • The copper phases produced by pH adjusted chemical precipitation from acidic solutions. • Factors affecting the kinetics of the copper precipitation step. • The thermal properties of the precipitated copper phases. • The mass and energy balance implications of feeding the precipitated copper product into a copper converter. The solubility of copper phases were determined by precipitating copper from solution and providing sufficient time for equilibrium to be established. In this study, the stabilities of precipitated copper oxide and basic copper sulphate, nitrate and chloride salts were determined over a pH range of 3 to 13 in solutions with ionic strength up to 3.5 M. The solubility products for the precipitated salts were calculated after taking into account the solution speciation, solution species activity coefficients and the surface energy associated with the fine particles. The standard Gibbs energy of formation of CuO tenorite, CuSO4.3Cu(OH)2 brochantite, CuCl2.3Cu(OH)2 clinoatacamite and Cu(NO3)2.3Cu(OH)2 rouaite were estimated to be -124.9, -1,814.1, -1,341.6 and -1,278.5 kJ/mol respectively at 25°C. The copper precipitation kinetics and reaction mechanisms were then studied in the aqueous sulphate system, focusing on the use of limestone as the precipitation reagent. A range of precipitation conditions and reactor configurations were examined to determine which factors had significant effect on the rate of copper precipitation in this complex heterogeneous reaction system where limestone dissolution and co-crystallisation of brochantite and gypsum occur simultaneously. The rate of copper precipitation was initially limited by nucleation of the copper solid after which limestone dissolution was the limiting factor. The dissolution of limestone was dependent on the surface area of limestone, the concentration of copper and the hydrodynamic conditions within the reactor. To simulate drying and heating of the precipitated copper compound, the thermal decomposition of the precipitated basic copper salt phases were assessed using thermogravimetric analysis. In this study, the heat capacity-temperature correlation of the precipitated basic copper salt phases was determined. The decomposition reactions of the precipitated copper phases were identified and the total energy required to form copper metal was measured. The basic copper sulphate was found to have the lowest energy requirement for decomposition and does not produce any gases that could be problematic for smelting and converting operations. Information from the solubility, kinetic and thermal decomposition studies were then integrated into a mass and energy balance model of a copper converter. This model was applied to assess a range of potential process configurations. The results of the mass and energy balance model indicate that it is possible to increase the total copper throughput for certain copper converters by up to 40% using energy generated by the converting reactions to treat the precipitated copper product." @default.
• W2271491631 created "2016-06-24" @default.
• W2271491631 creator A5085791545 @default.
• W2271491631 date "2015-12-01" @default.
• W2271491631 modified "2023-09-27" @default.
• W2271491631 title "A novel, low-energy process route for primary production of copper utilising synergistic hydro- and pyro-metallurgical processes" @default.
• W2271491631 doi "https://doi.org/10.14264/uql.2015.1057" @default.
• W2271491631 hasPublicationYear "2015" @default.
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