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• W22726750 abstract "PURPOSE AND RATIONALE Measurement and scaling are fundamental processes in the empirical sciences and especially in drug research and development. Both topics are related as well to the description, characterization, or quantification of objects and processes within an experiment or clinical study, as to the outcome of some intervention. Measurement and scaling are two aspects of the quantification of an object or process, the first may be merely regarded as the use of an existing scale to quantify the object, the latter, scaling, can be regarded as ‘‘. . . the assignment of objects to numbers according to a rule’’ (Stevens 1951). So we can conclude that measurement is only possible, if some scale is defined. The use of the word ‘‘scale’’ in literature is not unique. In the present paper, we will use scale synonymously for a questionnaire or psychological test, regardless of who is responding to it, whether the questionnaire or test is used by experts, physicians, patients, relatives, or caregivers. In this more strict sense, a scale is not just a response scale but a response value resulting from a formal rule. The way many psychometricians are defining the term scale includes a concept covered by tasks or questions, as well as a concept of verbalization of the response options that are presented to the respondent, a model for proper quantification of the response, and some evidence on reliability and validity. The scale defined in this sense is the standardized quantification of a response of someone in a well-defined test situation (e.g., Lienert and Raatz 1998). We will show that it is of importance to define quantification before data generation, that is, prior to the experiment in order to prevent oneself from serendipity. In social sciences and medicine, a scale is an instrument for classifying, ordering, or measuring entities with respect to quantitative attributes or traits. The definition of exact standards of measurement is related to units that refer to specific conditions and quantitative attributes. The natural sciences are using the metric international system of measurements (systeme international d’unites, SI), in which scientifically, some quantities are designated as the fundamental units. The first fundamental units," @default.
• W22726750 created "2016-06-24" @default.
• W22726750 creator A5070427148 @default.
• W22726750 date "2010-01-01" @default.
• W22726750 modified "2023-09-27" @default.
• W22726750 title "C.1 Methodologies of PD Assessment: Scales" @default.
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