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• W2272817252 abstract "Thirty-three black bears (Ursus americanus) were captured and 27 (11 F: 16 M) were radiocollared from 1983 to 1988 on 2 study areas in north-central Florida to study home-range characteristics, habitat use, and mortality. A total of 2,146 locations were recorded. Homerange sizes, calculated by the convex polygon method, averaged 170 ? 26 (SE) km2 for adult males (n = 12) and 28 ? 5 km2 for adult females (n = 8). Home-range sizes were smallest during winter and spring and largest during summer and fall for all bears. Home ranges of bears from all sex and age classes overlapped. Habitat preference of bears on the Ocala study area shifted from pine flatwoods in winter and spring to sand pine scrub in summer and fall. Bears on the Osceola study area preferred hardwood swamps throughout the year. Annual mortality rates were 0.16 for females and 0.12 for males. Major causes of death for tagged bears were hunting and collisions with motor vehicles. Int. Conf. Bear Res.and Manage. 9(l):349-356 Until the late 1800s, black bears occurred throughout the Florida mainland (Brady and Maehr 1985). The replacement of native forests with agricultural and urban development has resulted in forest fragmentation and bear populations that are geographically isolated. Bear populations in Florida are largely restricted to the expansive, undeveloped woodlands concentrated in and around Apalachicola, Osceola, and Ocala National Forests, and Big Cypress National Preserve. The black bear is listed by the State of Florida as a threatened species, except in 2 areas in northern Florida where it retains game status. Wise management of Florida's black bears requires information on the biological needs of the species. The gathering of this information was begun in the 1950s (Harlow 1961), but little else was done until the mid-1970s. Information has since been collected on distribution (Williams 1978, Brady and Maehr 1985), food habits (Maehr and Brady 1984), parasites (Conti et al. 1983), beeyard depredation and control (Maehr and Brady 1982, Wooding et al. 1988), roadkill mortality (Wooding and Brady 1987), home range (Mykytka and Pelton 1989, 1990), and winter denning (Wooding and Hardisky 1992). The purpose of this study was to investigate black bear home-range characteristics and habitat use in north-central Florida. In the process, we also gained some insight into mortality, density, and dispersal. This information is also reported here. J. Brady initiated this study in 1983 and, with D. Maehr's assistance, conducted the fieldwork through 1985. We thank J. Brady, P. Moler, and an anonymous reviewer for their helpful comments on earlier drafts of this manuscript. STUDY AREAS Fieldwork was conducted in Osceola National Forest and surrounding private land from 1983 to 1985; the study was moved to Ocala National Forest in 1985 and concluded there in 1988. The Ocala study area contained an extensive network of roads and human development. Bear hunting has been prohibited within Ocala N.F since 1961. The Osceola study area, in contrast, was sparsely populated by humans and had a less extensive road system than Ocala. Bears were legally hunted during the fall in the Osceola study area. The Ocala study area contained 4 major plant communities (Snedaker and Lugo 1972), including the world's largest continuous community of sand pine (Pinus clausa). This xeric community, called sand pine scrub or scrub, was characterized by an overstory of sand pine and a dense midstory of dwarf evergreen oaks (Quercus spp.). Within the scrub were xeric, open, park-like islands of longleaf pine (P. palustris) and turkey oak (Quercus laevis). Pine flatwoods, the third major community, occurred on poorly-drained soils; the predominant vegetation included an overstory of slash pine (Pinus elliottii) and an understory of saw palmetto (Serenoa repens), gallberry (Ilex coriacea), and loblolly bay (Gordonia lasianthus). The fourth major plant community in Ocala National Forest, mixed hardwood swamps, occurred primarily as narrow bands along rivers and consisted predominately of bald cypress (Taxodium distichum), red maple (Acer rubrum), and swamp ash (Fraxinus caroliniana). The vegetative communities of the Osceola study area were an interspersion of pine flatwoods and extensive hardwood swamps (Avers and Bracy 1973). Either cypress and blackgum (Nyssa spp.) or fetterbush Present Address: Pennsylvania Game Commission, 2001 Elmerton Avenue, Harrisburg, PA 17110-9797. This content downloaded from 157.55.39.127 on Wed, 29 Jun 2016 05:47:54 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms 350 Int. Conf Bear Res. and Manage. 9(1) 1994 (Lyonia lucida) predominated in the largest swamps. Slash pine, saw palmetto, and gallberry predominated in flatwoods communities. Small cypress swamps and bayheads were scattered throughout the pine flatwoods. The climate of north-central Florida is characterized by hot, humid summers and mild winters. Mean annual rainfall in north-central Florida ranges from 127 to 140 cm (Winsberg 1990), and the temperature rises above 32?C for more than 100 days during the year. Freezing temperatures occasionally occur, but the duration of cold spells is brief, and the temperature rarely falls below -7?C." @default.
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• W2272817252 title "Home Range, Habitat Use, and Mortality of Black Bears in North-Central Florida" @default.
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