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• W2274532094 abstract "Several kinds of lithium batteries have been developed for powering implantable bioengineering devices. These batteries which use lithium as anode include [1] lithium iodine polyvinylpyridine, lithium silver chromate, lithium cupric sulfide [2], lithium thionyl chloride, lithium CFx, lithium silver vanadium oxide, lithium MnO2 and lithium ion batteries which are used in different implantable bioengineering devices. Lithium iodine polyvinylpyridine (PVP), lithium silver chromate (Li/SC) and lithium cupric sulfide (Li/CS) batteries are mainly used in heart pacemakers which needs power in microwatt range. Figure 1 shows discharge curve of a lithium iodine polyvinylpyridine battery under a 100 kohm load at 37C. Lithium thionyl chloride (Li/TC) batteries are mainly used in implantable devices which consume higher power in milliwatt range such as drug pumps and neurostimulators. These batteries are also used in advanced pacemakers capable of doing other therapies like multisite pacing. Figure 2 shows discharge of a lithium thionyl chloride battery under a 49.9 kohm load at 37C. Lithium CFx batteries are used in implantable devices like previously mentioned advanced pacemakers. These devices need a higher current in micro ampere range compared to lithium iodine batteries. Lithium silver vanadium oxide (SVO) batteries are used in implantable cardiac defibrillators (ICD) which provide a high energy shock directly to the heart to stop fibrillation. Lithium MnO2 batteries are also used in implantable cardiac defibrillators. Lithium MnO2 batteries with high output currents in the 13 amperes range have already been produced. Lithium ion batteries are used in implantable devices, like left ventricular assist devices (LVAD) and total artificial heart (TAH), which need high power and therefore cannot deploy primary lithium batteries. The power requirements of these devices are too high to be satisfied by rechargeable implantable batteries. For example the battery should be capable of cycling at high rates for several years in the range of 0.5 to 3 A of current with an average current of 1 A and working voltage of 20 to 30 V. Therefore external lithium ion batteries are the main source of energy in these devices. The power is transferred to the device by telemetry. However a tiny implantable battery pack is also used in some of these devices to provide backup energy in case of failure of external battery. These batteries are capable of providing power of the device for about one hour per day independently. Moreover lithium ion batteries are used in implantable hearing assist devices like implantable cochlear stimulation devices. The batteries which are used in implantable hearing assist devices are small coin type cells and can be implanted with the device and recharged through the skin. Besides some neurostimulators may need lithium ion batteries to get enough longevity in a device which is of acceptable size for implantation. More recently efforts have been made to charge the batteries implanted with pacemakers using wireless near-infrared power transmission." @default.
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• W2274532094 date "2006-04-28" @default.
• W2274532094 modified "2023-09-24" @default.
• W2274532094 title "Bioengineering applications of lithium batteries" @default.
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