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• W2275082744 abstract "Naive Physics – the wrong theory? I.P.L. McLaren (i.p.l.mclaren@exeter.ac.uk), K.Wood, & R.P. McLaren School of Psychology, University of Exeter, UK. Abstract In this paper we examine the idea of a naive physics in humans solving physics problems. This invokes the idea that people have a theory of motion in their heads that is non- Newtonian, and hence leads to systematic errors on these problems. We are able to show that, by selecting our problems carefully, it is possible to obtain answers that are consistent with this naive physics and inconsistent with it; suggesting that it is not used to solve these problems but sometimes offered as post-hoc justification for the answers given. We offer evidence that the answers given owe more to past experience than any theory, and that a theory that postulates extrapolation on the basis of associative memory can give a good account of our results. Keywords: Associative, Memory, Naive Physics, Theory. Figure 1: The ball bearing and curved tube problem. Introduction McCloskey, Caramazza and Green (1980) and McCloskey, Washburn and Felch (1983) have proposed that people consistently make particular mistakes when asked to predict the path of an object, given certain initial conditions, because they are applying the wrong theory, an intuitive mechanics or naive physics , to this type of problem. Their evidence is that, when given a relatively simple physical situation and asked to extrapolate on the basis of the information supplied, people tend to make certain types of error rather than others, and justify this with verbal reports that indicate a non-Newtonian approach to the problem (even though the instructions encourage that type of approach). One example of such a problem would be for participants to be asked to imagine looking down on the curved tube (which is held horizontally) in Figure 1, while a ball bearing is inserted with some speed, v, as shown. Their task is to draw the path the ball bearing takes on exiting the tube, ignoring such factors as friction between ball bearing and tube, and any wind resistance. The plan view is intended to take gravity out of the picture for the purposes of this problem, and the correct, Newtonian solution, is to draw a straight line as shown in the figure (solid line) as the ball bearing leaves the tube. Instead, many participants draw something approximating the curved dotted line as their answer, and justify this by claiming that the ball bearing has acquired curvy impetus as a result of its journey through the tube and this continues to cause its path to curve on exiting the tube. A more sophisticated version of this account will claim that this impetus dissipates with time, and so the curved path will gradually straighten as the ball bearing gets further from the tube (see McCloskey et al, Another classic problem studied by McCloskey and colleagues concerns what they call the straight down belief (McCloskey, Washburn & Felch 1983). The idea here is that people tend to predict a straight down trajectory for objects that are dropped whilst being carried, whereas they predict a parabolic path for objects that fall when moving independently. A classic example of this is a cannonball projected off a cliff. If fired horizontally from a cannon with initial velocity, v, an out and down approximation to the parabolic path is a typical response from participants asked to draw its subsequent path. But if carried (by some overhead conveyor belt arrangement) to the edge of the cliff with velocity, v, and then released, even though this is the identical problem in physical terms, participants are much more likely to describe the cannonball's motion as straight down. The reason they give for this is that, in the first case, the cannonball possesses its own impetus when it leaves the gun. This horizontal impetus takes it out past the cliff edge, but starts to dissipate. At the same time, gravity takes hold, and accelerates it downwards – hence the out and down parabolic trajectory. But, in the case of the cannonball being carried by a conveyor belt, participants think it has no impetus of its own, and so, when released, gravity takes hold immediately and it drops straight down. The research reported in McCloskey et al’s paper investigates the basis for this finding. On the one hand, it may be just as it seems and as participants in these experiments claim, i.e. that they have applied a naive physics (or natural intuition) to the problem which is, in some sense the wrong theory as it is non-Newtonian, and it is this that leads to the consistent error in predicting the path of the object. On the other hand, it may be that the" @default.
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• W2275082744 date "2013-01-01" @default.
• W2275082744 modified "2023-09-24" @default.
• W2275082744 title "Naïve Physics – the wrong theory?" @default.
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