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• W2276342525 abstract "In March of 1976, President Gerald Ford agreed to host a reception for foreign ambassadors and their wives at the White House in celebration of the United States’ bicentennial. Brent Scowcroft, National Security Advisor, had recommended the reception as an alternative to a more elaborate event for foreign heads of state. In a February memo for the President, Scowcroft cautioned against “assembling leaders of widely differing political colorations,” anticipating that popular protests and demonstrations against these foreign leaders might overwhelm security officials.1 Scowcroft identified President Pinochet of Chile as one foreign head of state whose policies were so offensive to democratic ideals that his participation in the nation’s celebration of its bicentennial would call into question the spirit of the entire event.2 By this time, a domestic solidarity movement sympathetic to the victims of political repression under the Pinochet regime had not only gained visibility, but also attracted attention at the highest levels of the US government. In a 1973 coup d’etat, General Augusto Pinochet overthrew President Salvador Allende’s democratically elected government. 1 Brent Scowcroft to President Gerald Ford, memorandum, “Bicentennial Event for Foreign Leaders, Foreign Policy Factors,” 12 February 1976, The Gerald R. Ford Presidential Digital Library; Jeanne W. Davis, memorandum, “Bicentennial Event for Foreign Leaders,” 8 March 1976, The Gerald R. Ford Presidential Digital Library. 2 Ibid. 2 | The Origins and Outcomes of US Solidarity with Chilean Refugees Consolidating his regime, Pinochet saw the supporters of Allende—a Marxist—as enemies of the state and arrested them, along with thousands of Latin Americans who had sought refuge in Chile during Allende’s presidency. Many were then tortured or executed, causing hundreds of thousands to flee Chile for other nations in the Americas and Europe.3 Acting on the orders of President Richard M. Nixon, who believed that Allende and the Popular Unity coalition posed a communist threat to US economic interests across the Western Hemisphere, the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) provided material support to the Pinochet coup. Having participated in the overthrow of Allende and the installation of the Pinochet regime, the United States was reluctant to admit Allende’s leftist supporters as refugees. Despite the government’s relations with the Pinochet regime, a popular solidarity movement in the United States achieved important successes for the Chilean refugees. The groups that contributed most to the effort to settle them in the US were activists on university campuses, religious groups, non-governmental organizations, and several key figures in Congress. These actors not only educated the American public about their country’s role in Latin America, but also turned human rights into a discussion topic within the government and among the public. Further, this domestic solidarity movement was the driving force behind cuts in aid to Pinochet’s Chile in 1974, as well as the Special Parole Program for Chilean Refugees in 1975. Enacted two full years after the Pinochet coup, this 1975 parole program brought four hundred families into the United States, who most notably settled in California, New York, and Florida.4 Settlement in the United States, however, was unavailable to members of the Communist party, leftist revolutionaries, and those who had never been detained but anticipated future persecution from the Pinochet regime. The United States’ fear of sheltering communists and reluctance to “encumber its relations with the Santiago government” delayed establishment of the program.5 The eventual enactment of a parole program in the United States, however, is a testament to the strength of the Chilean solidarity movement and the complementary efforts of concerned citizens and politicians. 3 Diana Childress, Augusto Pinochet’s Chile (Minneapolis: Lerner, 2009), 91. 4 Margaret Power, “The US Movement in Solidarity with Chile in the 1970s,” Latin American Perspectives 36 (2009): 50; “Chilean Americans,” Countries and Their Cultures, accessed December 7, 2014, http://www.everyculture.com/multi/Bu-Dr/Chilean-Americans.html. 5 David Binder, “US to Admit Hundreds of Chilean Exiles,” New York Times, June 14, 1975." @default.
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• W2276342525 title "Disillusionment in Action: The Origins and Outcomes of US Solidarity with Chilean Refugees" @default.
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