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- W2278383973 abstract "AQUACULTURE AND HORTICULTURE practices exploiting wastewater resources in PU Kolkata were developed and refined by farmers; Bunting, Kundu and Mukherjee (2001) present a review concerning the evolution and present status of these production systems. Currently, the pond area managed for wastewater aquaculture extends to nearly 3,500 ha, divided into several hundred fisheries. Various historical reasons and government interventions have contributed to the scale and distribution of land holdings in the area, furthermore, landowners are commonly absentee landlords and management of the fisheries is largely undertaken by leaseholders; others are operated by fishermen’s cooperatives and groups and a small number are under government control. Recently it was estimated that ponds managed for wastewater aquaculture produce ~13,000 t y1 of fish for sale in urban markets, many of which service poor communities. Estimates have also suggested that horticulture, commonly irrigated with wastewater, occupies an area of ~320 ha, and that vegetable production from this area may be up to 370 t ha-1 y-1; many vegetable growers also exploit inputs of solid waste from the city to enhance production, maintain soil quality and inhibit weed growth. Further to producing significant quantities of fresh produce for urban and PU markets, it is widely acknowledged that these farms provide direct and indirect employment for several thousand people, and that managed wastewater reuse provides a valuable service to society, reducing health risks from unregulated discharges and protecting downstream environments. Regardless, however, producers face several threats to the continued operation of their farms, whilst a limited willingness to invest time and money in maintaining and enhancing their farms due to growing insecurity makes them more vulnerable to emerging constraints. Considering the benefits, particularly to poor communities, and growing constraints facing producers, it was apparent that a primary objective of research in this region should be to generate new knowledge on both the direct and indirect benefits PU farming affords society, and to communicate this effectively to senior government officials and development agents. This could increase prospects for policies and development plans that ensure the continued operation of the various production systems and encourage initiatives to enhance the efficiency and quality of production on these largely traditional farms." @default.
- W2278383973 created "2016-06-24" @default.
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- W2278383973 date "2002-01-01" @default.
- W2278383973 modified "2023-09-26" @default.
- W2278383973 title "Wastewater re-use and poor livelihoods in peri-urban Kolkata" @default.
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