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- W2279289327 abstract "Our experience as human beings is embedded in space, is lived through our bodies moving along spatial coordinates and it is often expressed in visually aided communications where space is conventionally used to simplify the interpretation of a message. Space is therefore an overwhelming aspect of our existence and we take advantage of this spatial foundation to envisage abstract concepts whose mental representation and communication would be almost impossible otherwise. Be this conscious or not, the role spatial schemas in knowledge organization is extensive. We envisage power along the vertical dimension, we point out moral issues that are not physically observable, we wait for a long time and we have high expectations. The spatial schemas in concept representations go beyond their use in metaphorical expressions and affect cognitive processes in various ways. Goal of this research project was to investigate the role of horizontal spatial schemas in social cognition. Although horizontal spatial biases have been studied in various fields, from art history to attention orientation, from neurological and from a cultural perspectives, to our knowledge this is the first time that they are investigated from a social psychological point of view. The general idea underlying all studies reported here is that agentic targets (i.e. performing an action) are systematically associated with a left position, with recipient targets to their right. The resulting direction of the action is rightward. This idea, initially proposed by Chatterjee (2002) is here applied from a social psychological perspective, with agency interpreted a fundamental characteristic of stereotype contents (Abele, Uchronski, Suitner, & Wojciszke, 2008; Spence, Helmreich, & Stapp, 1974). The association between the rightward spatial vector and agency is linked to the direction of writing/reading that is in fact rightward in western cultures. Cultural factors were therefore taken into account as possible moderators of the bias; specifically writing/reading directions were tested comparing left-to-right and right-to-left readers (Study 1c and 5).After reviewing the relevant literature on spatial bias in the Introduction, in the first Chapter the specific spatial representations of concepts related to stereotype content are analyzed in the horizontal and vertical spatial domains. The most important results for the goal of this project are that Agency (Study 1a) and dynamism (Study 1b and c) were horizontally represented with a rightward vector. This effect is in line with the hypothesized role of agency proposed by Chatterjee (2002) in horizontal spatial bias (i.e. the Spatial Agency Bias). This bias was absent among right-to-left readers (Arabic participants, Study 1c), confirming the role of writing direction in spatial bias. In Chapter 2 the application of the SAB to gender stereotypes was investigated in 4 studies. The first two consisted in archival researches of Web-Images representing famous couples. The male of the couple tended to be represented to the left of the female (Study 2a), but only when he was perceived as more agentic than her (Study 2b). The relation of SAB and gender stereotypes was further analyzed in the evaluation of left- or right-ward directed single targets in Study 2c, where participants displayed an association between the rightward direction and male targets. These three studies confirmed the use of specific spatial representations to envisage gender differences. The subsequent study (i.e., Study 2d) analyzed the effect of such association showing that the biased decoding of spatial information is associated with congruent attributions of stereotypic characteristics to males and females in general and with ambiguous attitudes toward males and female. Specifically, the more female participants associated male targets with the rightward direction, the more they attributed power to males and communion to females and the more they endorsed an ambiguous attitude toward males and females. This result is particularly relevant as it represents, to our knowledge, the first evidence of the consequences of the bias. Study 2d also investigates the stability of the bias, showing the key role of exposure to direct stimuli. The number of rightward (vs. leftward) male (vs. female) portraits to be categorized had an effect on the bias. When participants were exposed to a large number of rightward male and leftward female profiles, they displayed a standard SAB; when participants were exposed to a large number of leftward male and rightward female profiles, they displayed an opposite bias, namely associating the leftward (vs. rightward) profile to male (vs. female) targets. The role of exposure is further shown in Study 4, where a writing exercise toward right or toward left was respectively strengthening or weakening the SAB and its relation with gender stereotype endorsement. This finding suggests that cultural habits do not exert an inalterable as not chronic influence, but rather that spatial bias is susceptible to behavioural experiences, namely the momentary experience with the “opposite” writing direction. This embodied character of the bias is further analyzed in Chapter 3 focusing on the role of motion by comparing events that were either static (not involving motion) or dynamic (involving motion). Although the direction of the bias was not always in line with predictions, the bias was generally found to be specifically related to moving targets, in line with the simulation processes indicated as responsible of embodied cognition (Barsalou, 2008a; Lakoff, 1992). The implications of spatial schemas are investigated in Study 5, where the preferences for advertisement layouts were investigated in a cross-cultural study, showing the relevance of cultural background in the selection of a specific layout.The bias was finally investigated in relation to politics and political stereotypes, showing an association between rightward direction and rightwing political partisanship of single targets (Study 6b and c). However, at the group level, spatial bias was mainly driven by in-group favouritism, namely participants indicated the rightward group as the political group matching their own political affiliation. The in-group bias was intensified by the attribution of competence, providing additional evidence for the key role of agency in the SAB.Altogether the present research project provides evidence for a subtle but persistent SAB with a wide range of consequences and applications in the field of social cognition and mass communication." @default.
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- W2279289327 date "2009-01-01" @default.
- W2279289327 modified "2023-09-27" @default.
- W2279289327 title "Where to place social targets? Stereotyping and Spatial Agency Bias" @default.
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