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• W2279494069 abstract "Some individuals have expressed concern aboutestrogens in food due to their potential to promote growth ofestrogen-sensitive cancer cells (breast, ovarian, uterine, andprostate) in humans. Researchers have reported concentrations ofestrogens in milk, but few milk samples that contain fat have beenanalyzed. Furthermore, the mechanisms by which estrogens accumulatein milk are not well-defined. The objectives of this research wereto quantify estrone (E1) and 17β-estradiol (E2)concentrations in raw, pasteurized/homogenized, and commercial milksamples and compare the mass consumed in dairy products to 24-hproduction rates of these hormones in humans. In addition,mechanisms that may contribute to the accumulation of E1 and E2 inmilk were investigated. To meet the first objective raw andcommercial milk samples were collected and milk composition wasrecorded. E1 and E2 were quantified by radioimmunoassay afterorganic solvent extractions and Sephadex LH-20 columnchromatography. E2 concentrations in raw whole milk averaged 1.4 ±0.2 pg/mL from cows of all reproductive stages, and 0.3, 0.9, and5.0 pg/mL from cows in trimesters 1, 2, and 3 of pregnancy,respectively. E1 concentrations in milk averaged 0.6, 7.9, and 27.1pg/mL from cows in trimesters 1, 2, and 3 of pregnancy,respectively. Pasteurization/homogenization treatment did notsignificantly affect E2 concentrations in milk. Concentrations ofE1 and E2 in commercial skim, 1%, 2%, and whole milk samplesaveraged 2.9, 4.2, 5.7, and 7.9 pg E1/mL and 0.4, 0.6, 0.9, and 1.1pg E2/mL milk, respectively. E1 and E2 concentrations were greateras milk fat increased (butter >> cream > half-and-half> milks). However, type of product (conventional or organic) didnot affect E1 and E2 concentrations in these products. It wasconcluded that the mass of E1 and E2 in a serving of commercialmilk was low (0.01%) relative to published estimates of productionof estrogens by the ovaries or testis in humans. The predominantfactors regulating plasma E1 and E2 concentrations are theproduction and metabolic clearance rates of E1 and E2 and bindingof E1 and E2 to plasma proteins, as opposed to ingestion of E1 andE2 from the diet. Therefore, it is unlikely that the amount of E1and E2 consumed from milk would lead to adverse healthconsequences. When investigating mechanisms that may contribute tothe accumulation of E1 and E2 in milk, milk E1 and E2concentrations were highly correlated with their respectiveconcentrations in plasma (r = 0.77 and 0.93). Milk fat and proteinpercentages were significantly correlated with E1 and E2concentrations. Additionally, transcripts for an enzyme that canconvert E1 to E2 were detected in somatic cells isolated frompregnant cows’ milk, suggesting that cells within the mammary glandmay synthesize E2 during pregnancy. Based upon the relationshipbetween plasma and milk concentrations of E1 and E2, this researchsuggests that passive diffusion from plasma is a significant factorfor the accumulation of E1 and E2 in milk. However,…" @default.
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• W2279494069 date "2007-07-26" @default.
• W2279494069 modified "2023-09-28" @default.
• W2279494069 title "Estrogens in bovine milk: Effects of milk synthesis, pregnancy, mastitis, and implications to consumers" @default.
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