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• W2280811297 endingPage "3128" @default.
• W2280811297 startingPage "3123" @default.
• W2280811297 abstract "Insect venom is a poisonous substance that contains a complex mixture of certain proteins, enzymes, small peptides, certain inorganic elements and acids. These venom components are responsible for multiple pharmacological effects in different organisms and act like toxins. These act at cellular level and break the normal barrier to leak out molecules across the cell membrane and form ion channels by attaching themselves to the membrane surface. Venom allergens cause immunostimulation of body tissues and show strong T cell responses in hypersensitive patients and signify the production of allergen specific IgE antibodies and generate anaphylactic reactions.. These also trigger a cascade of mediators including histamine, leucotrienes, and platelet activating factors, enzymes and peptides. Venom toxins make fast release of certain chemicals i.e. serotonins, kinins, prostaglandins and leukotrienes that results in visible clinical symptoms related to paralysis, inflammation, swelling and itching. Insect venom toxins elevate the level of blood sugar, lactate, glucagon and cortisol and cause massive destruction of RBCs and nerve cells. Besides this, insect venom possess highly potent short peptides, which act upon ion channels of excitable cells and inhibit the activity of important metabolic enzymes like ACP ALP, GPT, GOT, LDH, AChE and Creatinine phosphokinase. Melittin is a short peptide that shows cytotoxicity and cause intravascular hemolysis of RBCs, leucocytes, platelets and vascular endothelium. It is highly basic peptide that inserts itself into the phospholipid bi-layer of cell membranes. It in conjugation with PLA2 causes active pancreatitis and rhabdomyolysis in patients. Indeed, it appears that peptide toxins are strong ion channel blockers, which selectively act on various ion channels. This review aims to emphasize use of toxin specific immunoglobulins in immunotherapy of patients to detoxify the effect of venom toxins. Immunotherapy contributes to decrease the number of mast cells, do activation of eosinophils, and induce T cell tolerance to the venom allergens. It subside the toxic effects of venom toxins and much ably revert the enzyme activity." @default.
• W2280811297 created "2016-06-24" @default.
• W2280811297 creator A5043327323 @default.
• W2280811297 creator A5081649251 @default.
• W2280811297 date "2010-01-01" @default.
• W2280811297 modified "2023-09-26" @default.
• W2280811297 title "Allergic and toxic responses of insect venom and it's immunotherapy" @default.
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