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• W2280960219 abstract "Few peoples of the world have completely avoided the practice of ritual mutilation, which at present appears particularly widespread in Africa. This article discusses several forms of mutilation practiced in Africa, most of which are currently rare and disappearing. Cranial deformation due to mechanical pressure in the early years of life was common in Africa and elsewhere, but its origins are difficult to trace. Collars were worn by females in some parts of Africa to elongate the neck, sometimes so weakening the skeletal structure that the head could not be held upright without the device. Many women subjected to their use died at young ages of cerebral vascular accidents. The shortening of the uvula is regarded as a benign mutilation, but could result in infection and death due to the unsanitary conditions in which it was practiced. Perforations of the nose, lips, or ears to permit use of personal adornments were common. Filing of teeth and scarring were other techniques of uncertain origin. Among genital mutilations, circumcision was the most widely known and commonly practiced. It was usually performed on boys of 7-12 years and was invested with ritual significance. Amputation of the gland by unskilled operators or later development of pseudoelephantiasis, nodules, penile fistulas, or stenosis were not rare complications. The custom of excising the clitoris and the labia minora was imported from the Near East and spread west and south with the penetration of Islam. It is still carried out at puberty. Although life-threatening complications are rare, local sequelae including urinary problems, vaginal obstruction, and scleroses leading to vesicovaginal fistulas during childbirth are common. The motive appears to be to prove the subordination of women and the prohibition of all sexual pleasure. Infibulation involves excision of the external genitalia and the creation of an orifice the size of a pencil to allow escape of menstrual fluid and urine. The operation is performed on little girls of 7 or 8. The husband creates a small opening at the time of marriage, and the woman is cut open and sewn up at each delivery. The complications are variable and may include local infection, hemorrhage, anemia, clitoral cysts, cystitis and acute urinary retention, vesical lithiasis, and psychic problems. Disinfibulation is complicated by sectioning of the anal sphincter, bladder damage, and uterine prolapse. The custom is only seen among Islamic peoples." @default.
• W2280960219 created "2016-06-24" @default.
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• W2280960219 date "1983-12-01" @default.
• W2280960219 modified "2023-09-23" @default.
• W2280960219 title "[Problems related to African customs and ritual mutilations]." @default.
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