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• W2282175540 abstract "Human foraging behavior: A virtual reality investigation on area restricted search in humans Christopher Kalff (kalff@cognition.uni-freiburg.de)* Center for Cognitive Science, University of Freiburg, Friedrichstr. 50, 79098 Freiburg, Germany. Thomas Hills (thomhills@gmail.com)* Department of Psychology, University of Basel, Missionsstr. 60/62, 4055 Basel, Switzerland. Jan M. Wiener (jwiener@bournemouth.ac.uk)* Department of Psychology, Bournemouth University, Talbot Campus, Poole, Dorset, BH12 5BB, United Kingdom. * The authors contributed equally to this work Abstract The control of attention and the control of movement in space share a similar optimal control structure—mediating the trade- off between exploiting one locale and exploring others. A common spatial foraging strategy observed in many species is area-restricted search, in which animals respond to resources or their absence by moving between local and global search strategies, respectively. When resources are clustered, area- restricted search can represent an optimal foraging strategy. Surprisingly few studies have investigated whether humans display such behavior in the context of spatial navigation. Here we present two experiments in which human participants search for resources distributed over a large virtual environment. By systematically manipulating the specific distribution of the resources the first experiment investigates human’s ability to perform area-restricted search. The second experiment probes for the patch-leaving rules humans apply when facing resources distributed in patches that differ in quality. Our results indicate that humans forage in space using an area-restricted search, but do so in a non-optimal way— consistent with other studies showing non-optimal search strategies in memory. Keywords: Foraging; area-restricted search; navigation. Introduction Picking bananas from banana trees, searching for nebulas in the night sky, and hunting for schools of tuna in the open ocean all involve the ability to detect and respond to spatial resource distributions. Since the foundations of animal foraging behavior were laid by MacArthur and Pianka (1966) and Emlen (1966) decades of research have shown that non-human animals respond adaptively to these spatial resource distributions; moreover, their responses are often optimal with respect to long-term rate maximizing models (reviewed in Stephens & Krebs, 1987). For humans, these models have been shown to predict patterns of search in information foraging on the internet (Pirolli & Card, 1999), the foraging strategies of hunter-gatherer societies (e.g., Hawkes, Hill, & O’Connell, 1982), and the search patterns of humans in their own memory (Hills, Todd, & Jones, 2009; Hills, Todd, & Goldstone, 2008). However, surprisingly, almost nothing is known about how humans search in 3-dimensional environments like those described for the bananas, nebulas, and tuna (but cf. Smith, 1983, for an overview of anthropological research). How do humans forage in space? Are they capable of detecting and localizing resources in space, with or without the help of visual cues? Moreover, are their foraging strategies adaptive, or near optimal in terms of rate maximization? In this article, we use 3-dimensional virtual representations of fields and orchards to investigate how people forage in open environments, and in particular, whether or not they show patterns consistent with area- restricted search. Area-restricted search (ARS) is one of the most well- studied behavioral patterns in animal foraging, and has been observed in a wide variety of animals (e.g., Hills, Brockie, & Maricq, 2004; Krebs, 1973; Smith, 1974). It can also produce patterns of movement that look like Levy walks— another commonly observed foraging pattern (Benhamou, 2007). ARS involves high turning angles following resource encounters but lower turning angles elsewhere. It indicates an adaptive response to spatial distributions in clustered (or patched) environments because in clustered environments - when prior knowledge about resource locations is limited to the time since they were last encountered - ARS is optimal (Walsh, 1996; Grunbaum, 1999). ARS, like an annealing strategy, localizes animals where resources are most dense (Karieva & Odell, 1987). The success of this strategy and its minimal information requirement are consistent with the evidence that ARS had an early evolutionary origin amongst mobile animals. Moreover, the evolution of this strategy may have provided the biological building blocks for the subsequent evolution of human attention (proposed in Hills, If humans respond to clustered resources with increased turning, but don’t do so when resources are uniformly or dispersedly distributed, they are showing foraging patterns consistent with ARS. However, evidence for ARS in human" @default.
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• W2282175540 title "Human foraging behavior : a virtual reality investigation on area restricted search in humans" @default.
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