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• W2285842271 abstract "I INTRODUCTION One of the principle aims of regulatory cooperation is to allow consumers to trust the quality of products in stores, supermarkets, and pharmacies, even if those products have not been designed, produced, packaged, or assembled in the consumer's country. Such cooperation, in turn, permits traders from other countries to enter a new market without incurring the excessive costs involved in adapting to a new regulatory environment. In this sense, regulatory cooperation aspires to be a powerful tool of international trade policy. It purports to increase trade between nations by lowering the costs associated with differences in regulatory environments without increasing the risks for consumers. As explored in more detail below, regulatory cooperation can take many institutional forms that are the subject of intergovernmental negotiations. The most ambitious form of these institutions aims at regulatory harmonization--the creation of a unified regulatory system between all the members of a trade zone. Regulatory cooperation can, however, rely on other institutional arrangements with less ambitious objectives. It can, for example, purport to achieve mutual recognition--allowing products lawfully sold in one member country of the trade zone to be sold in the other member countries without fully complying with the importing country's domestic regulatory requirements. (1) The academic literature has raised a series of important questions regarding how ambitious regulatory cooperation should be, (2) what mechanisms can be used to guarantee import safety, (3) what governance structures are associated with regulatory cooperation, (4) and the challenges of allowing countries to exercise regulatory sovereignty while curtailing protectionism and other obstacles to international trade. (5) These are all important questions, but they all focus on the purpose and design of regulatory cooperation itself. Instead of engaging with these questions, this article examines the relationship between regulatory cooperation efforts and domestic regulatory structures. This topic has gained increased relevance in the specialized literature in recent years, and scholars have proposed a series of interesting analyses about this complex relationship. Gregory Shaffer, for instance, shows how World Trade Organization (WTO) rules impose constraints that end up directly or indirectly shaping the regulatory state. (6) Daphne Barak-Erez and Oren Perez look beyond the WTO rules and map the multiple ways in which international rules, regulations, and standards set up by a series of international institutions affect national systems. (7) Ruth Okediji asks how domestic institutions such as courts and regulatory bodies have created novel structures to comply with the TRIPS Agreement in a manner consistent with their domestic needs and in compliance with the terms of the agreement. (8) In sum, there is an emerging literature that analyzes the complex interactions between international trade regulation and domestic institutions in general, particularly the regulatory state. This article offers yet another contribution to this literature by asking to what extent regulatory harmonization and cooperation efforts presuppose and depend upon domestic regulatory institutions. Most of the studies conducted thus far have focused either on the way in which international regulations limit or constrain national regulatory institutions (9) or on the way in which national and international organizations mutually reinforce each other, directly or indirectly. (10) These analyses assume: (1) that there is a regulatory structure or a regulatory state operating in the countries engaged in trade and (2) that these regulatory structures are fully functional. (11) These two assumptions, however, are not necessarily accurate in many developing countries. Lack of domestic institutional capacity may have an impact on international processes that depend upon such structures. …" @default.
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• W2285842271 title "Regulatory Cooperation in Latin America: The Case of Mercosur" @default.
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