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• W2287358265 abstract "' 1 j The concept of natural barriers to the spread of animal diseases is a very ancient one. It incorporâtes not only the phenomenon of genetic i resistance to pathogens, but also the influence of various other factors affecting the capacity of the pathogens to infect or to live as a pai rasite on certain animal species. I ; After having recalled historical data on the subject, the author described the three main parts composing these natural barriers: difficul| ties associated with wild animais coming info contact with the pathogen, the innate resistance of fhe host animal to penetration by the pa-j | fhogen and, finally, the acquired resistance of the animal, based on cellular or humoral immune resistance mechanisms. i The author then examined possible weaknesses of these three components, which are linked to a variety of factors: modification of living j conditions, biological rhythm or diet, penetration of skin or mucous barriers, adverse environmental conditions, etc. j j He concluded that natural barriers were relatively fragile and highlighted the risk that spontaneous mutations of pathogens represent for ! these barriers. ; The concept of natural barrier to the extension of diseases (species barrier) has corne info fashion with the emergence of bovine spongiform encephalopathy and the problem of its possible trans¬ mission to other animal species and to man. This concept is, in fact, very old, covering, not only the phenomenon of natural genetic resistance to pathogenic agents, but also the in¬ fluence of various other factors opposing the action of agents trying to infect or become parasites in specifie certain animal species. The purpose of this presentation will thus be to evaluate the importance of the various components of the species barrier' which these ani¬ mais raise against the major infectious or parasitic diseases, though this evaluation will be restricted to the case of the wild vertebrate species. This study will be based on historical data as much as modem knowledge in epidemiology and genetics. The results will provide valuable information applicable to the diseases appearing currently in both man and animal. Historical Data The authors of Antiquity had already been impressed by the fact that epidemies ignored species barriers, affecting indiscriminately man and animal. It is therefore not surprising that they focussed on this kind of epidemie, sometimes mixing up various episodes and not hesitating to worsen the epidemiologic picture to make an even stronger impression on readers. For instance, it seems that no bar¬ rier could ever stop the frightening panzoonosis described by Ovid in Metamorphoses, a kind of pestilence to which next to ail in¬ habitants of the island of Egira and innumerable animais, both do¬ mestic and wild succumbed in 1 29 B.C. Strage canum primo volucrumque, aviumque, boumque Inque feris subite deprehensa potentia morbis est Numerous other authors of the same period reported about similar episodes during which mammals, birds, fish and reptiles were in¬ discriminately affected by various pestilencia. It is only later that the first veterinary surgeons reported about their observations on the resistance natural or experimental of certain animal species to infectious or parasitic diseases : cattle plague, bovine contagious peripneumonia, clavelee, glanders, etc. But these observations were generally based on the inoculation of viru¬ lent matter whose real content in pathogenic agents was unknown. It is only after Louis Pasteur had discovered microbes that it became possible to quanfify with accuracy the virulence of various bacterial or viral stems. Pasteur was the first scientist to show that ail the an¬ imal species are not receptive to the inoculation of a microbe to the Des sources du savoir aux medicaments du futur From the sources of knowledge to the medicines of the future J. Blancou, Les barrieres naturelles a l'extension des maladies chez l'animal sauvage 97 same extent and this receptivity could be modified by seriai pas¬ sages of this microbe; other researchers applied the same method to the majorify of infectious diseases, as new agents were discov¬ ered. In the mean time, the existence of species barriers, in partic¬ ular those that man does not hâve with respect to the main patho¬ genic agents, has become a well known phenomenon. After establishing its bases and mechanisms, man has immediately sought to develop the concept of species barrier. Thus, when this barrier is missing, or is very low, man has used pathogenic agents as weapons in bacteriological warfare (for instance: the bacillus of carbocunlar fever) and, when the barrier existed and seemed to resist firmly, man used them in his biological struggle against certain wild species (for instance: the virus of the viral hemorrhagic rabbit fever). The various components of the natural barriers In generai, a pathogenic agent can corne across three successive lines of defence when trying to cause infection or infestation of a potential host (table 1 ): * first, it may encounter difficulties to corne across the organism of the host; * then, if it has managed to penetrate into this organism, it will hâve to overcome natural, constitutional, innate and nonspecific resistance mechanisms; * it might also corne across a specifie, adaptive, acquired resistance. In ail cases, these three defence lines of defence are in part genetically determined and we can also consider that they correspond to what any prey would defend itself with against the predator: the gazelle which did not sense the lurking lion will hâve to outdistance it by relying on ifs natural velocity or escape its claws by learning how to zigzag away for its life... We will now examine in more detail these three main components of the species barrier, in the broad sense of the term. It will however be impossible for us to provide an exhaustive review of this topic which has been the subject of innumerable scientific works and we will be content with providing some significant examples following the generai structure of figure 1 . -CJ Pathogenic agent Difficulties to corne across the potential host Way of life Diet Behaviour Innate resistance of the host Tegumenfary barriers Absence of cellular recepfor Non specifie cellular reaction Acquired resistance of the host Specifie cellular reaction Humoral reaction" @default.
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• W2287358265 date "2002-01-01" @default.
• W2287358265 modified "2023-09-27" @default.
• W2287358265 title "Les barrières naturelles à l'extension des maladies chez l'animal sauvage = Natural barriers to the spreading of diseases in wild animals" @default.
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