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• W2287681551 abstract "Reliable and equitable water allocation policies and distribution procedures has become one of the important issues for improved water resources management in irrigated agriculture in the developed and developing world. Governments authorize water use, but allocations and priorities are often vaguely stated or are absent, resulting in rent seeking and unequal allocation among in-stream uses and ignorance of environmental needs. The proper institutions to achieve effective water allocation and distribution are often not in place or are not operating properly. Water rights in many parts of the world are not always integrated into the operational procedures of water allocation and water management. Therefore, the delivery and distribution of irrigation water may be based on good will of the water managing organizations, with local customs and/or agreements amongst users playing a role, and therefore frequently resulting in inequities. In such situations users not only became unsatisfied, but their economic progress and livelihoods are badly affected. Therefore, fair and equitable water allocation rules and their enforcement can be considered as a human rights issue and must be taken as seriously. Central Asia has had a long history regarding evolving water rights issues, in both positive and negative ways. Before the soviet era, until about the early 1920s, the water rights in Central Asia were mainly based on “sharia” or Islamic law, which basically perused equal water rights for every human being. The water authorities of Central Asia in many cases started to fail in water allocation because of increased number of water users and technological weaknesses, such as outdated and unregulated irrigation infrastructure. The water users started to replace water right systems by convenient agreements and customs. While on one hand this has contributed to harmonious water distribution, on the other led to dreadful inequities between upstream and downstream users. This was especially problematic in drought years, the water rights of downstream users were fully ignored. As a result, thousands of people in the tail-end of rivers and canals lost their crops, and in many cases even their lives. During the soviet times water rights seemed to belong to the “technical” terminology. Annual and seasonal water use plans seemed to turn into a guarantee of water rights. Technical improvements of irrigation infrastructure jointly with strict water discipline led to improvements in equity and timeliness of water supplies. However, the creation of collective and state farms dispersed again the right of common people for receiving water for their needs. Attention and priority was given to delivering water to those large production units kolkhozes and sovkhozes. For a long time, until the mid 1980s the water rights of small water users (family farmers or “dehkans” in local language) were practically ignored. After 1991, the collapse of Soviet Union led to the beginning of reforms, which in agriculture meant creating new economic conditions. Many countries of the region introduced water fees as a demand management tool and water rights as part of the" @default.
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• W2287681551 date "1989-01-01" @default.
• W2287681551 modified "2023-09-27" @default.
• W2287681551 title "Water allocation and water distribution in Central Asia: history, present and perspectives" @default.
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