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- W2289103526 abstract "Periwinkles are among the most abundant snails on the coasts ofwestern and northern Europe (Sommer, 1999).The common peri-winkle, Littorina littorea, inhabits rocky shores in the high andmiddle intertidal zones, rock pools and mud-bottom habitats inestuaries (Moore, 1937).This herbivorous species has a mixed diet(Davies & Beckwith, 1999) including benthic macroalgae and awidevarietyof benthicmicroalgalspecies( Norton et al.,1990).Toxic dinoflagellates of the genus Alexandrium occur worldwide,with blooms recorded in Europe, North America, South America,Africa, Southeast Asia, Australia and New Zealand ( Andersonet al., 2012). Several species of Alexandrium produce phycotoxins,such as saxitoxin (STX) and its many analogues, which are re-sponsible for paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) in organisms athighertrophiclevels.ThelifecycleofA. minutum is comprised of aplanktonic vegetative cell phase that undergoes asexual reproduc-tion by binary fission and a benthic phase in the form of restingcysts produced through sexual reproduction ( Anderson, 1998).When vegetative cells of Alexandrium species are exposed to un-favorable conditions, such as mechanical shock or sudden changesin environmental conditions, they can form pellicle or temporarycysts, which sink to the bottom and enter the benthic food web.When conditions become favourable again, the pellicle cystsquickly re-establish a motile existence, without an obligate dor-mancy period (Bravo et al., 2010).The toxin content of A. minutumpellicle cysts has not yet been described. However, vegetative cellsgerminated from pellicle cysts exhibit only a slight decrease in thetotal toxin content (11%), indicating that A. minutum pellicle cystsremain toxic (Laabir et al., 2007). In addition, pellicle cysts ofanother Alexandrium species (A. fundyense) retain toxicity even afterencystment (Persson et al., 2012). Vegetative cells of A. minutum,mainly found insheltered marine ecosystems andestuaries, usuallyoccur in low concentrations. However, blooms can sometimesreach extremely high densities, as in Brittany, France (over 4 10" @default.
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- W2289103526 date "2015-01-01" @default.
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- W2289103526 title "RESEARCH NOTE Responses of the common periwinkle Littorina littorea to exposure to the toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium minutum" @default.
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