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- W2289235321 abstract "Introduction Non-invasive time-resolved velocity field and volumetric flow measurements can be made within the cardiovascular system with cardiac-gated phase contrast (PC) MRI. Given the constraint of a breath-hold length, PC MRI applied with segmented fast-gradient-echo techniques has a low effective temporal resolution because several kylines must be acquired per heartbeat (several views per segment (VPS)). Additionally, the acquisition of phase reference images, typically interleaved with the velocity-phase images, reduces the temporal resolution as compared to a standard cine image experiment. For example, assuming a single velocity encoding direction, a range of 4-8 VPS and a TR from 4 ms to 8 ms, a phase contrast image frame will contain information from a window ranging from 32 ms to 128 ms in length (the sampling window). Acquisition of additional velocity directions requires either additional breath-holds or a longer sampling window. In this study we present a high temporal resolution approach that maintains both the spatial resolution and the breath-hold time. A factor of two improvement in temporal resolution is achieved by acquiring the phase reference images in a separate breath hold rather than interleaved with the velocity phase images. Additionally, a multiecho readout is incorporated into the PC experiment to acquire more views/time than possible with the single gradient echo technique [1]. The velocity-sampling window is reduced to as short as the length of a single TR interval, and the complete set of three velocity images can be acquired in four breath-holds. We illustrate single TR resolution PC velocity data acquired from a normal volunteer, as well as the influence of increasing the length of the sampling window beyond a single TR, over a range of 1 to 7 TRs (spanning 10 ms to 70 ms). Complex temporal and spatial ventricular blood flow patterns are displayed and the actual required temporal resolution is discussed. Methods The scan parameters were: FOV = 32 x 24 cm with a matrix of 160 by 96 (2 mm x 2.5 mm x 8 mm), with a ±125 kHz receiver bandwidth. The TR was 10.2 ms for an echo-train length of 4, and the total breathhold length was 24 heartbeats for the true TR resolution scan. The lower temporal resolution data sets were extracted from the true TR data set to maintain slice prescription and ROI placement. View sharing was incorporated to maintain the number reconstructed image frames as the VPS was increased. Velocity images for each direction and the reference image were acquired in separate breath-holds. The gradients along each axis of the reference experiment were first moment nulled so that the phase information contained in the reference images was not velocity dependent, and could thus be used as a reference for all three velocity directions (i.e. the four point approach [2])." @default.
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- W2289235321 date "2001-01-01" @default.
- W2289235321 modified "2023-09-27" @default.
- W2289235321 title "High Temporal Resolution Multi-Echo Phase Contrast MRI" @default.
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