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• W2289740884 abstract "Thousands die each day from infections related to water, as evidenced in the ongoing crises of cholera in Haiti, Zika in the Western Hemisphere, and Legionnaires' Disease in Flint, Michigan. Yet water law focuses primarily on two agendas. First, the Agenda aims to provide an equitable allocation of water to individuals and communities while encouraging sustainable water management. Second, the Agenda aims to efficiently protect water in the natural environment from pollution. These two agendas often ignore, and can be inconsistent with, the Agenda. The Red Agenda addresses prevention of waterborne infections, like cholera, and the habitat of water-related disease vectors, like mosquitoes transmitting malaria. Additionally, the Red Agenda focuses on access to water for sanitation and hygiene, with implications for epidemics like Ebola. In simplified terms, the Blue Agenda is about water quantity, the Green Agenda about water quality, and the Red Agenda about water diseases. Laws made in pursuit of the Blue Agenda, like building a dam or irrigation system, can interfere with the Red Agenda by bringing mosquito habitat closer to human communities. And laws made in the pursuit of the Green Agenda, like prohibiting discharges of pesticides into a river, can interfere with the Red Agenda by preventing a response to a malaria outbreak. This Article is the first to introduce the Blue, Green, and Red framework for water law, and explains why these agendas often conflict with each other and how to more effectively integrate these agendas into water law. Introduction In an epic example of insight and courage, John Snow saved countless lives and forged a heroic legacy. (1) His triumph in the face of crisis represented a turning point in history, tipping the balance in the ongoing battle between mankind and one of mankind's greatest threats. (2) In 1848, one of a series of massive outbreaks of cholera in the nineteenth century swept through London. (3) Snow observed that the patterns of the outbreak were not consistent with the then-prominent miasma theory of disease transmission--the theory that was the cause of epidemics like cholera and bubonic plague. (4) Snow theorized that the mode of transmission was water, and distributed a pamphlet advising hand-washing and boiling drinking water. (5) In 1854, another cholera epidemic struck London. (6) Snow observed that competing distribution companies delivered water within the Soho neighborhood of London. (7) One of these companies, Vauxhall, derived its water supply downstream of major sewer discharges into the Thames River. (8) The other obtained its water supply upstream of the sewer discharges. (9) Snow, in what is called the Grand Experiment, compared data on households consuming water supplied from these two companies. (10) Snow noted that the cholera rate was 8.5 times higher in households supplied by Vauxhall than its competitor. (11) He further noted that nearly a quarter of all cholera deaths in London occurred within a short distance of a hand pump on Broad Street, which was installed on top of a cesspit. (12) After speaking with families near the pump, most had lost multiple members of their households to cholera, and all had taken water from the pump. (13) Legend has it that Snow removed the handle from the Broad Street pump, and saved the city. (14) In one of history's greatest examples of inductive reasoning and scientific acumen, Snow ushered in the germ theory of disease transmission and became the father of modern epidemiology. (15) John Snow's work also began the integration of epidemiology with the development and implementation of law. (16) In March of 1855, Snow testified before Parliament regarding the development of laws to address sanitation. (17) At the time, a bill was proposed to regulate offensive trades, including bone boiling and gas works, which many believed contributed to the miasma of bad air and thus to disease transmission. …" @default.
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• W2289740884 date "2016-03-01" @default.
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• W2289740884 title "Law in the Time of Cholera" @default.
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