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• W2289779666 abstract "Fermentation is a process in which microorganisms, in the absence of oxygen, generate energy by oxidizing carbohydrates and related compounds. It has been used since ancient times as an important method for preserving food. Vegetables, fruits, cereals, milk, and other raw materials have been treated in special ways in order to promote the growth of beneficial microorganisms while inhibiting the growth of deteriorating and pathogenic microorganisms. Fermentation will preserve the food, and it will also enhance the taste, aroma, texture, and nutritional value of the product. The preservation effect is the result of synthesis of lactic acid and heterofermentation—also, acetic acids and, some times, antimicrobial substances. Besides lowering the pH level, organic acids are also toxic for many microorganisms. It is also important that the fermentable carbohydrates are completely utilized by the fermenting microorganisms and thereby made unavailable for the undesirable microorganisms. In some products the addition of salt will increase the shelf life of the products by lowering the water activity. The natural habitats of lactic acid bacteria, yeast, and molds are most often plant materials. However, the type of organisms can vary considerably (1), depending on type of plant, climatic conditions, and available nutrients in the raw material. During some fermentations (e.g., fermentation of plant material such as cabbage, cucumbers, olives, soya beans, and coffee), several different types of microorganisms are required at the various stages of the fermentation process. In other fermentations (e.g., production of yogurt and beer), only a few different microorganisms are required. Even though the involvement of microorganisms and their importance for the fermentation process was not known until relatively recently, it was found by practice that for some fermentations the addition of a portion of a previous fermentation was beneficial for the process. With the utilization of pasteurization of milk in the late 19th century, it was discovered that bacteria were necessary for the souring of milk for production of butter. In 1878, Joseph Lister isolated a pure culture from sour milk and named it Bacterium lactis (2). In 1919 Orla-Jensen classified this bacterium as Streptococcus lactis (see Fig. 1) (3); today it is classified as Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis (4). Shortly after this discovery, Vilhelm Storch in Denmark, Herman Weigmann in Germany, and H.W. Conn in the United States (5) independently introduced the addition of pure cultures to milk in order to improve fermentation. In 1896 Storch was granted a U.S. patent on production of" @default.
• W2289779666 created "2016-06-24" @default.
• W2289779666 creator A5033276266 @default.
• W2289779666 creator A5039394390 @default.
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• W2289779666 creator A5077493879 @default.
• W2289779666 creator A5085312761 @default.
• W2289779666 date "2004-01-01" @default.
• W2289779666 modified "2023-09-22" @default.
• W2289779666 title "Starter cultures and fermented products." @default.
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