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• W2289916249 abstract "To the Editor: In the mink (Mustela vison), winter hair growth (anagen) usually begins in mid-September in response to reduced photoperiod, whereas summer anagen begins in late April as the photoperiod increases. We have demonstrated that bilateral adrenalectomy (ADX) during the resting (telogen) stage of either the summer or the winter hair growth cycle initiates anagen 4–5 wk earlier than controls (Rose and Sterner, 1992Rose J. Sterner M. The role of the adrenal glands in regulating onset of winter fur growth in mink (Mustela vison).J Exper Zool. 1992; 262: 469-473Crossref PubMed Scopus (14) Google Scholar, Rose, 1995Rose J. Bilateral adrenalectomy induces early onset of summer fur growth in mink (Mustela vison).Comp Biochem Physiol. 1995; 111C: 243-247Google Scholar). The mechanism for ADX induced hair growth is unknown, although Paus et al., 1994bPaus R. Maurer M. Slominski A. Czarnetzki B.M. Mast cell involvement in murine hair growth.Dev Biol. 1994; 163: 230-240Crossref PubMed Scopus (118) Google Scholar demonstrated a localized anagen response in the mouse 12 d after two intradermal injections of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). Because pituitary secretion of ACTH would be expected to increase following ADX, it is possible that ADX induced hair growth is mediated through this hormone; however, because blood ACTH levels fluctuate in response to many forms of stress, it seems unlikely that pituitary ACTH would function as a regulator of hair growth cycles under normal physiologic conditions. Nevertheless, ACTH, alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH), and other proopiomelanocortin derived peptides and their receptors are synthesized by the skin (Slominski et al., 1992Slominski A. Paus R. Mazurkiewicz J. Proopiomelanocortin expression in the skin during induced hair growth in mice.Experientia. 1992; 48: 50-54Crossref PubMed Scopus (100) Google Scholar, Slominski et al., 1996aSlominski A. Ermak G. Mihm M. ACTH receptor, CYP11A1, CYP17 and CYP21A2 genes are expressed in skin.J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1996; 81: 2746-2749Crossref PubMed Scopus (186) Google Scholar, Wintzen and Gilchrest, 1996Wintzen M. Gilchrest B.A. Proopiomelanocortin, its derived peptides, and the skin.J Invest Dermatol. 1996; 106: 3-10Crossref PubMed Scopus (122) Google Scholar, Luger et al., 1997Luger T.A. Scholzen T. Grabbe S. The role of α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone in cutaneous biology.J Invest Dermatol Symp Proc. 1997; 2: 87-93Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (127) Google Scholar). In addition, Slominski et al., 1992Slominski A. Paus R. Mazurkiewicz J. Proopiomelanocortin expression in the skin during induced hair growth in mice.Experientia. 1992; 48: 50-54Crossref PubMed Scopus (100) Google Scholar, Slominski et al., 1996bSlominski A. Ermak G. Hwang J. Mazurkiewicz J. Corliss D. Eastman A. The expression of proopiomelanocortin (POMC) and of corticotropin releasing hormone receptor (CRH-R) genes in mouse skin.Biochimica et Biophysica Acta. 1996; 1289: 247-251Crossref PubMed Scopus (79) Google Scholar illustrated that expression of the proopiomelanocortin gene was higher during anagen than telogen in the skin of mice. The objective of this study was to determine if ACTH and/or α-MSH would induce anagen in mink that were in summer telogen. On July 1 1997, eight adult female mink were housed in individual cages in a light tight room and exposed to a photoperiod approximating natural changes in day length. After shearing the fur over the lower half of the dorsal surface, four mink were injected intradermally in the right flank region with α-MSH (Peninsula Laboratories, Belmont, CA) at 5.0 × 10–5 M in 500 μl of phosphate buffered saline (PBS) on July 21, 23, and 25. On the same days, an additional four mink were injected intradermally in the left flank with ACTH (Sigma, St. Louis, MO) at the same concentration. The contralateral side of each mink was injected with PBS. Subsequently, the mink were observed daily for the appearance of blue pigmentation at the injection site as evidence of anagen onset. On August 12, 18 d after the last injection, a dark blue spot was observed in all ACTH treated mink over the injection site only, whereas no α-MSH treated mink exhibited a change in pigmentation. On August 28 all ACTH treated mink exhibited hair growth averaging 4 mm over the injection site (Fig 1A). None of the α-MSH treated mink exhibited hair growth over the injection site, although two animals did display hair growth over the spinal column (probably due to scraping the skin with shears), one of which had rather well developed guard hair growth over the entire sheared area (Fig 1B). We inadvertently injected the ACTH treatment group on the right and left side with ACTH on July 23; however, as can be seen, the single injection of ACTH was clearly not sufficient to induce hair growth. These findings suggest to us that ADX induced anagen in mink occurs as a result of elevated ACTH that acts directly on the skin. This most likely explains why ADX induces anagen during both summer and winter telogen. The fact that α-MSH did not induce hair growth or pigmentation suggests that this peptide is not involved in anagen initiation and/or that ACTH and α-MSH act through separate receptors in mink skin. The mechanism for ACTH induced anagen remains to be determined although it seems reasonable to ask: Does ACTH influence the metabolism of steroid hormones in the skin in a manner akin to that of the adrenal gland? The dermal papilla of the hair follicle (essential for anagen induction) and adrenal cortex are both derived from mesenchyme. Skin is a highly steroidogenic tissue, metabolizing androgens and estrogens, both of which have been shown to have profound effects on hair growth cycles. Moreover, Slominski et al., 1996aSlominski A. Ermak G. Mihm M. ACTH receptor, CYP11A1, CYP17 and CYP21A2 genes are expressed in skin.J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1996; 81: 2746-2749Crossref PubMed Scopus (186) Google Scholar recently demonstrated that the gene for cytochrome P450c21, which produces 11-deoxycorticosterone and 11-deoxycortisol (precursors to corticosterone and cortisol, respectively), was expressed in human skin. The possibility of glucocorticoid production in the skin coupled with the observations that topical corticoids block the development of anagen (Stenn et al., 1993Stenn K.S. Paus R. Dutton T. Sarba B. Glucocorticoid effect on hair growth initiation: A reconsideration.Skin Pharmacol. 1993; 6: 125-134Crossref PubMed Scopus (59) Google Scholar), suppress proopiomelanocortin expression (Ermak and Slominski, 1997Ermak G. Slominski A. Production of POMC, CRH-R1, MC1, and MC2 receptor mRNA and expression of tyrosinase gene in relation to hair cycle and dexamethasone treatment in the C57BL/6 mouse.J Invest Dermatol. 1997; 108: 160-165Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (58) Google Scholar), and induce follicular regression (Paus et al., 1994aPaus R. Handjiski B. Czarnetzki B.M. Eichmüller S. A murine model for inducing and manipulating hair follicle regression (catagen): Effects of dexamethasone and cyclosporin A.J Invest Dermatol. 1994; 103: 143-147Crossref PubMed Scopus (111) Google Scholar), should attract more intense research efforts in this area. Perhaps in species like the mink, which display photoperiodically controlled hair growth cycles, the onset of anagen occurs, in part, as a result of the seasonal production of ACTH and the subsequent metabolism of steroid hormones, both of which occur within the skin. Such a phenomenon might also contribute to the development of different pelage types such as dense winter fur and sparse summer fur as a result of differential activation of under hair type fibers. Adrenalectomized animals such as the mink should provide an excellent model with which to investigate the role of endogenous ACTH in hair growth cycles. This work was supported in part by the American Mink Farmers Research Foundation (Corvallis, Oregon), the Canada Mink Breeders Association (Toronto, Canada), and a donation from American AGCO, Inc. (South St Paul, Minnesota). Mink were supplied by Mr. Lee Moyle of Heyburn, Idaho. I thank Mr. Jim Peck, Mr. Jerry Van Tassel, and Mr. Stan Burr for care of the mink. I especially appreciate the assistance of Mr. Brandon Ihli, Mr. Josh Billingsley, Mr. Chad Nichols, and Ms. Joy Mayhew in administering treatments. The mink were photographed by Dr. William Saul and Ms. Kelly Wood." @default.
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• W2289916249 title "Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) But Not Alpha-Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone (a-MSH) as a Mediator of Adrenalectomy Induced Hair Growth in Mink" @default.
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