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• W229142495 abstract "Libya since Independence: Oil and StateBuilding, by Dirk Vandewalle. Ithaca, NY and London: Cornell University Press, 1998. xxix + 190 pages. Bibl. note to p. 201. Sel. bibl. to p. 218. Index to p. 226. $16.95 paper. Reviewed by Ronald Bruce St John In Libya since Independence: Oil and StateBuilding, Dirk Vandewalle provides the reader with a thought-provoking analysis of the impact of massive and sudden capital inflows on statebuilding in Libya, a state which, since independence in 1951, has relied almost exclusively on capital inflows in order to survive. While the evidence presented is mostly drawn from a single case, the sudden and often wrenching social, economic, and political changes provoked by oil wealth and concomitant international capital inflows are common to most Middle Eastern oil exporters. In this sense, the Libyan example, in areas like institutional development, state strength, autonomy, and political development, invites comparison with other countries, within and outside the Middle East, whose rulers rely on external rent. Following a brief theoretical overview, Vandewalle divides his subject into four distinct periods,beginning with the reign of the Sanusi monarchy, which governed Libya from independence until 1969-a period that included the first oil boom. The second period covers a relatively short span of time, i.e. between the September 1969 coup d'etat and the outset of the second oil boom in 1973. The succeeding decade, which included the 1973 and 1979 oil booms and a recession in the early 1980s, comprises the third period. The fourth and final period covers recent history, during which the state attempted to step back from its distributive role. Under the monarchy, distributive measures originated as an informal process of spending, but eventually led the state to lose control over the allocation of resources. At the same time, the state-building process and rentier-type development created state institutions that were useful for patronage and distributive purposes, but that did not increase state capacity for intervention and regulation. Moreover, the political and economic system that developed was characterized by political exclusion and extensive individual rentseeking. Consequently, all of the features of a distributive state-defined as one in which institutions exist to spend wealth rather than to extract it from citizens-were firmly established in Libya. The minimalist state of the Sanusi monarchy, created by choice and not by chance, was a pattern that proved difficult to reverse. The revolutionary government after 1969 fully employed the nation's resources in support of the rejection of traditional state structures. In the four years between the 1969 coup and the second oil boom in 1973, the new regime consolidated its political position and attempted a first wave of political mobilization in support of its self-proclaimed revolution. Beginning in 1973, oil revenues made possible in Libya a boom-and-bust decade of economic and political experimentation. …" @default.
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• W229142495 title "Libya: Libya since Independence: Oil and State-Building" @default.
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