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• W2293913006 abstract "Introduction of the birth-control pill is attributed to Dr. Gregory Pincus, an American researcher, who around the mid 1950s carried out a number of tests leading to the manufacture of the first hormone pill effectively inhibiting fertility. First large-scale testing on women was conducted in the West Indies in 1956, following which the oral preparation gained wide acceptance. The hormones used are synthetically-produced derivations of female sex hormones present in the body: estrogens and gestagens or progestogens. The main feature of these oral contraceptives is that they prevent egg release. Addition of synthetic estrogen to the amount already formed naturally will in the first stage of the menstruation cycle prevent growth of an egg in the ovary, and ovulation will not occur. The pills also contain a gestagen, a substance having the same effect as the progesterone which stimulates expulsion of the mucous membrane with menstruation when there has been no implanting of a fertilized egg, so that even though no egg release takes place, there will still be a menstruation-like bleeding. Birth control pills also reduce viscosity in the cervicale membrane, thereby limiting permeability to sperm, and the endometrium atrophies, making it unsuitable for implantation of a fertilized egg. 3 main types of hormonal oral contraceptives have been developed. The first of these is the combined estrogen-gestagen pill. All in this group contain a constant amount of the 2 hormones, and are taken for 21 days, after which there is a 7 day pause. It was found that use of this type of pill created a risk of thromboses and high blood pressure. Therefore, the newer pills of this type have lower estrogen contents. A recent Canadian study showed that heavy smokers may still risk getting high blood pressure, however. Nor should this type be used by nursing women. A second type are the multi-phase combination pills. In the 2-phase subgroup, 1 pill containing sufficient estrogen to prevent egg release is taken in the early phase of the cycle, followed in the last stage by a pill containing both estrogen and gestagen. In some of these a small amount of gestagen is in the first-phase pill, thus giving the same contraceptive effects as in the combination pills. There are also 3-phase pills, with 5 containing estrogen taken in a middle phase. These are assumed to give fewer menstrutional disruptions. The last type are the so-called mini pills or gestagens. These are taken every day without pause, so that with a constant application of gestagen, the cervical membrane remains viscous and sperm will therefore not be able to penetrate. All 3 types of pill can cause serious side effects such as thromboses and hypertension, but most side effects, such as headaches and nausea, are less serious." @default.
• W2293913006 created "2016-06-24" @default.
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• W2293913006 date "1986-09-03" @default.
• W2293913006 modified "2023-09-23" @default.
• W2293913006 title "[Drug information. This is how hormonal contraceptives act]." @default.
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