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• W2295769863 abstract "I argue against the popular view of Nietzsche as Darwinist and focusing on the then-historical context for both Nietzsche and Darwin, I concur with other Nietzsche scholars who have also noted that other authors worked in Nietzsche’s thinking in association with Darwin, not only Spencer and Malthus but also Roux and Haeckel among others which also for Nietzsche included Empedocles and other ancient scientists. I argue for the cogency of Nietzsche’s condemnation of Darwin’s views but note that he continue to associated with Darwin owing to Darwin’s racism, often conflated with Nietzsche’s notion of rank-order. I conclude with an emphasis on style and Nietzsche’s reading of antiquity to highlight the distinction he sought to make between the popular ideal of the higher human (which he called the last man) and a perspective beyond the human, the post-human, the Ubermensch. Whose Darwin? Which Nietzsche? It is commonly supposed that Nietzsche was a Darwinian. This assumption also constitutes the mainstream view and to be mainstream is rather like (but not completely like—this is a metaphor) the selective pressure of nature: very nearly the only game in town. To be the only one is what the mainstream is all about. Thus we argue metaphorically that mainstream views “vanquish” other views, be it in science or philosophy or history or just pop culture, a triumph that is, analogically speaking, a quasi-sign of divine grace, speaking as Calvin would speak of “grace.” So too, so the argument went in the economy before capitalism turned out to require 2 massive bail-outs from public resources, just to shore it up against its own failures, in the case of the economy it was supposed that viable enterprise vanquished the competition. The eliminative dynamics of this grace accords with the “exterminator’s” analogy as Charles Darwin uses it in 1874 to predict the extinction of species, human and otherwise: At some future period, not very distant as measured by centuries, the civilised races of man will almost certainly exterminate and replace throughout the world the savage races. At the same time the anthropomorphous apes, as Professor Schaaffhausen has remarked, will no doubt be exterminated. Nor and to be sure, just considering the fate of today’s gorillas and other primates down to the slow loris, was Darwin wrong about the competitive outcome of the particular struggle for survival he describes. If we are to go by the fate of the chimpanzee and the orangutan (as all anthropoid apes are on one side or the other of the brink of extinction in the wild and all have already been driven from the greater portion of their environmental range, and some species that explorers could count in Darwin’s day are already long extinct), that is to say, if we take his own prediction literally, Darwin must be judged correct. Note that I am still talking about the evolutionary success of mainstream views but be it science or philosophy or the mutable field that is called ‘theory,’ as “dominant” points of view or not 1 Hermann Schaffhausen was a German physiologist and comparative anatomist at the University of Bonn who was among the founders of today’s discipline of paleo-anthropology. Elsewhere Darwin acknowledges, among others, Schaaffhausen, as those who anticipate his theory of natural selection: “Here is a curious thing, a M. Pat. Matthew, a Scotchman, published in 1830 a work on Naval Timber & Arboriculture, & in appendix to this, he gives most clearly but very briefly in half-dozen paragraphs our view of natural selection. It is most complete case of anticipation. He published extracts in G. Chronicle: I got Book, & have since published letter, acknowledging that I am fairly forestalled.— Yesterday I heard from Lyell that a German D Schaffhausen has sent him a pamphet published some years ago, in which same View is nearly anticipated but I have not yet seen this pamphet.— My Brother, who is very sagacious man, always said you will find that some one will have been before you.—“ Darwin to Wallace, May 18 1860. Ian Tattersall argues that it is odd that the discovery of the Neanderthal bones in 1856 and Schaffhausen’s published anatomical account of these in the ‘Little Feldhoffer grotto” near Dusseldorf would not (in fact) have come to Darwin’s attention (perhaps and indeed as Darwin’s letter here to Wallace attests, via Lyell). See Tattersall, “Charles Darwin and Human Evolution,” Evo Edu Outreach, 2 (2009): 28–34. 2 Darwin, The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex (New York: D. Appleton, 1874), p. 201. 3 Extinction, if science popularizers prefer to point to the adaptability of infectious organisms or cockroaches, etc. And indeed the escalation of pesticide use counts as one of the soundest confirmations of natural selection. So too the generation of antibiotic-resistant pathogens." @default.
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