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- W229715209 abstract "The Second Demographic Transition, including flexibility in types of unions and in entry and exit from unions, has increased the diversity across families. There has been a significant cultural and political dynamic to celebrate this diversity as an increase in individual options, beyond the heterosexual couples with children in a traditional division of labour. Diversity can be expressed in various ways: economic families or unattached individuals, married or common law, two parents or lone parent, opposite sex or same sex, breadwinner or two earners, traditional division of work and care or collaborative model, couples with and without children, intact or step-families (simple or complex). On the basis of Canadian data from 1981 to 2011, this paper investigates the extent to which the greater diversity can be seen as representing risks and inequality across families and individuals. With the increase in women’s economic contributions to families, there are important contrasts between two-earner couples, compared to breadwinner and lone parent families. Selectivity into union formation and dissolution, along with assortative mating, are further drivers of inequality. There is increased complexity for policy to support individuals and families that are diverse in their family life course and in their needs. Demographers like to think of contemporary family change in terms of a second demographic transition, consisting of more flexibility in the entry into and exit from relationships, along with delay, variability and fluidity in family formation. These changes are largely interpreted positively: more options, choice and pluralism in family questions, more equality between women and men, fewer children with the potential of more investments per child, a longer period of transfers from parents to children, greater potential for companionship in the sharing of productive and reproductive activities in families. At the same time, these changes have brought new forms of inequality, and associated needs for policy adaptation. For children, there is the inequality associated with lone parenthood and step-parenting. Among young adults, those who have made earlier transitions in terms of completing education, home leaving and family formation may have received fewer parental and societal investments. Since mate selection has come to be based less on ascribed characteristics like religion or cultural background, and based more on achieved characteristics, especially education, this selectivity accentuates differences across families by socio-economic status. When there were few “good jobs” for women, and women had less education, there was less potential for differentiation at the couple level that would distinguish on the one hand" @default.
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- W229715209 date "2013-01-01" @default.
- W229715209 modified "2023-09-27" @default.
- W229715209 title "Family diversity and inequality: The Canadian case" @default.
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