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• W229995961 abstract "Managers of corporations increasingly find themselves in quandaries over ethics (Beauchamp & Bowie 1993; Brady 1990; Maclagan 1983). In the past few years, Ireland has seen a number of business scandals entailing stock flotation deceptions at Superwood, the conflict of interest problems shown by Greencore executives, and the Goodman International Beef Tribunal. The few existing studies of Irish business managers indicate that many engage in inconsistent thinking about ethical practices. Perhaps this inconsistency explains the recent business scandals that have emerged in Ireland. However, what we know of ethics attitudes among Irish business managers is quite limited. Research on Business Ethics in Ireland Murphy ( 1994) examined ethics in Irish businesses and noted that four factors mitigated against ethics codes: (i) Ireland's size, (ii) interpersonal business dynamics, (iii) the role of religion, and (iv) expediency. The first factor entails Ireland's modest size, location, and small market. Some believe that ethics is a luxury and survival means bending the rules. Irish businesses are believed to be in a fight for survival because of the dominance of small and medium-sized corporations in the country and because of its isolation and limited market. Therefore, many believe they cannot accommodate formal codes of ethical practice. Second is the issue of interpersonal connections. Most business managers outside of Dublin know their stakeholders personally and rely upon interpersonal understandings. The third factor is religion. Strong religious foundations may be provided by the Catholic church. Such guidance is thought to eliminate the need for applied ethics. The fourth is expediency. This view entails the belief that one should take advantage of every opportunity to profit, without caring who it hurts. Regardless of these forces, Murphy argues for ethical corporate codes. Codes ought to be embraced by Irish management because they lead to correct actions (doing no harm). Religion is often silent about business issues. Codes can fill the void to address practical outcomes which stimulate a robust business environment as well as improve communication and managerial decision-making. Another study of senior managers involved comparative data and a large sample of firms in the UK, Ireland and the US (Alderson & Kakabadse 1994). The researchers noted that only 47 of firms in the UK and Ireland had an identifiable code of ethics yet most agreed that all companies should have a code. Other apparent contradictions emerged within the cultural groups. For instance, Irish managers listed product safety, employee safety, and corporate environmental operations as their top three ethical priorities. The Irish also gave significantly higher ratings to employee safety than US or UK managers. In addition, the Irish sample placed a higher priority on business accountability to the public yet, ironically, they also gave top priority to stockholders. Finally, these same managers showed more agreement than their peers with the claim that it was alright to bluff and take advantage of situations regardless of laws or conventions. A qualitative interview study of top Irish corporate executives by Murphy ( 1995) found that that those working for Irish firms disdained formal ethical statements. In place of a code, Irish managers relied upon frequent communication and meetings to convey their standards. Aspects of the corporate culture and individual integrity were stressed instead. One executive stated: ... you don't need a written contract, you don't need a written set of conditions to bind you. You are bound by what you say and what you do. This goes for each person in the organization (p.67). Interestingly, Murphy found that such managers had difficulty identifying specific ethical issues and/or were less able to discuss ethical lapses in any detail. However, those in the sample understood the necessity for managerial modeling of corporate values and realized that good ethical practice should originate at the top. …" @default.
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• W229995961 title "Irish Managers' Perceptions of Business Ethics" @default.
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