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• W2300661773 abstract "State-sponsored homophobia emerged in the past decade in certain Eastern European states, with the banning of gay Pride marches, or the failure of states to fulfill their obligation to protect peaceful demonstrators from violent opposition. However, more recently one has seen progress in the right of assembly being recognized for Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender (LGBT) persons in some of these states, but not others. What accounts for this progress by states in fulfilling their commitments enshrined in international human rights treaties, and the failure by others? This paper proposes that the response of human rights NGOs, inter-governmental European institutions, and governments working in collaboration with local civil society organizations, has been critical to the progress made in human rights. Previous literature has described a ‘boomerang’ effect in which aggrieved citizens of a state use transnational activist networks (TANs) to publicize human rights violations and put pressure on their government (Keck and Sikkink 1998). This paper takes a neo-institutionalist perspective, and proposes that the effectiveness of the boomerang effect, that is the success or failure of a state to bring their actions in line with human rights treaties, cannot be explained by the mere existence of TANs. Success is greatly enhanced when these TANs are embedded into international human rights NGOs which then interact with inter-governmental institutions and foreign governments. To understand the functioning and effectiveness of the ‘boomerang’ we introduce the concept of the ‘ricochet,’ in which ideas and legal and political arguments are rapidly exchanged between various institutions. Success or failure of the ricochet depends not only on the willingness and strength of the actions of the international community, but the receptiveness to this pressure by the targeted state to change behavior and conform to their international legal commitments. While previous approaches to human rights compliance have emphasized the power of law (Simmons) or the engagement by TANs (Keck and Sikkink), here we emphasize the ricochet of information and arguments between various kinds of formal institutions. Variation on the impact of the ricochet depends on the institutional willingness to engage on an issue and the targeted states receptiveness to the pressure. Empirically we trace the trajectories and the content of the ricochet of information and argumentation between human rights NGOs, inter-governmental institutions, and governments. We find that the issue emerging from the banning of Pride marches has been framed around the right of assembly, instead of the more contested area of human rights and sexual orientation. Four cases have been selected for empirical analysis, all Council of Europe member states: Poland, Latvia, Serbia, and Russia. The first two are also European Union member states, and Serbia is an applicant state. Russia is not a member, nor an applicant to the EU. We hypothesize that the ‘ricochet’ and the receptiveness to pressure felt by a state to uphold human rights will be greatest for those in the EU and applicant states, and weakest for those not a member." @default.
• W2300661773 created "2016-06-24" @default.
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• W2300661773 date "2010-01-01" @default.
• W2300661773 modified "2023-09-23" @default.
• W2300661773 title "State-Sponsored Homophobia and the Denial of the Right of Assembly in Europe: The 'Boomerang' and the 'Ricochet' Between NGOs, European Institutions, and Governments to Uphold Human Rights" @default.
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