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- W2303816377 abstract "Womens involvement in political activities in Malaysia has become apparent since 1945. While earlier womens political roles were limited only to campaigning and voting more recently it is estimated that less than 5 percent of women are formally involved in politics and compete as candidates for parliamentary and state assembly seats. In the recent election of 1995 womens involvement has been relatively encouraging as 61 women from various political parties competed as candidates. The numbers still remain quite small constituting only 4.64 percent of the total number of candidates competing for the total number of 586 seats both at the parliamentary (192) and state assembly (394) levels. Of the 60 women candidates 10 were non-bumiputra women. 1 This paper seeks to make a general survey of political participation among the non-bumiputra women. Aspects that are examined here include profiles of these women and the obstacles and challenges they faced while participating in the political sphere. The research reveals that the majority of women who stood for election held important posts such as president vice-president state chairman or chief of the womens wings of the political parties prior to becoming candidates. These women also had at least a graduate degree and earlier had professional occupations such as school and college teaching. Women members of three major parties the Malaysian Indian Congress (MIC) Malaysian Chinese Association (MCA) and Gerakan Rakyat Malaysia (GRM) are the main focus of this paper. The women had varied academic and professional backgrounds and some were housewives. The obstacles and challenges they faced in becoming candidates were closely linked to socially given notions about gender. Other significant factors affecting their political participation were religious and family background education and experience in the political field. (authors)" @default.
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- W2303816377 date "1999-01-01" @default.
- W2303816377 modified "2023-09-26" @default.
- W2303816377 title "Women's Political Participation in Malaysia: The Non-Bumiputra's Perspective" @default.
- W2303816377 cites W4237971563 @default.
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- W2303816377 doi "https://doi.org/10.1080/12259276.1999.11665847" @default.
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