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• W2306406123 abstract "Transdermal drug delivery is possible with some drugs, depending upon their physiochemical properties. Improved convenience and efficiency for both patients and caregivers are wellrecognized advantages when compared with alternative routes of administration in selected circumstances. Penetration can be enhanced by altering the agent properties, the addition of carrier vehicles and the application of a small imperceptible electrical current, termed iontophoresis. Iontophoresis speeds the onset of therapeutic levels and thus makes transdermal application suitable for acute pain and episodic pain applications. Advances in technology could permit increased flexibility and programmability of these devices, which, in turn, might lead to expanded analgesic applications. Transdermal application of analgesic agents represents a novel approach to drug delivery that is finding increasing clinical utility. In addition to the convenience of transdermal administration, several potential advantages in selected circumstances contribute to this trend. Specifically, oral delivery of analgesic agents, the most common route of administration, at times can present significant challenges. First, drugs having low oral bioavailability or drugs undergoing extensive first-pass metabolism, often require significantly more drug than when given parenterally. This increased dose requirement is particularly problematic when the analgesic is associated with local gastrointestinal or hepatic adverse effects: the increased drug load presents a direct gastrointestinal or hepatic burden. Moreover, pharmacogenetic variability in the hepatic metabolism of the agents can further complicate and exacerbate difficulties associated with the increased dose. While transmucosal or, less commonly, inhaled drug delivery can bypass some of the previously mentioned challenges, these approaches are not possible with all agents. More commonly, parenteral analgesic delivery is provided by injection via subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenous, epidural or intrathecal routes. The requirement for physical puncture of the skin or implantation of a device limits the availability and practicality in some settings. As with the transmucosal route, transdermal drug delivery can also provide a non-invasive approach to avoiding first-pass metabolism. While local anesthetics have been successfully applied to anesthetize the skin [1] for both acute and chronic pain conditions [2], other analgesics can be delivered transdermally with the intention of penetrating to deeper structures beneath the skin and for systemic drug delivery. Skin as a barrier" @default.
• W2306406123 created "2016-06-24" @default.
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• W2306406123 date "2011-01-01" @default.
• W2306406123 modified "2023-09-23" @default.
• W2306406123 title "understanding the composition and function of the skin has allowed effective drug administration in some circumstances." @default.
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