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- W2311377 abstract "1) Transfer: speakers are incorporating Hebrew structures, words and idioms into their speech; structural evidence comes from patterns such as the placement of adverbs and PPs after the verb and before the object, e.g., “took [PP from the garbage] [DP a cigarette]” (see Shlonsky 1997 on Hebrew word order) 2) Fossilized L1 errors: HL speakers replicate the errors typical of early L1 acquisition, e.g., regularization (“leaved”, “catched”), hypercorrection (“camed”, “tooked his scissors”), and morphological overmarking (“dresseded”). The persistence of these errors in preteen and teenage speakers suggests that they require a significantly higher level of input to correct. 3) Reanalysis of particle verbs: Speakers syntactically reanalyze particles on particle verbs as regular adverbs, e.g., “he ran without Tweety out”; the speaker seems to re-analyze “out” as a regular adverb like “outside”; the placement of the adverb is consistent with general principles of English adverbial placement and Hebrew word-ordering principles. 4) Pronoun resumption: HL speakers use extensive pronoun resumption in matrix and embedded clauses. In matrix clauses, the subject is stated, but after a short pause the appropriate pronoun is repeated before the verb (“Boaz, he’s the only boy”). In embedded clauses, speakers use a pronoun to refer to the antecedent (“I have a friend that she wants me to speak English”). This strategy is common to a number of heritage languages (Polinsky 1995, 2007); it may serve to minimize the domain of the clause in favor of structural simplicity and/or to compensate for the minimal verb inflection in English by directly associating the verb with a pronoun. 5) Access difficulties: HL speakers have trouble with both lexical and structural access, as demonstrated by their patterns of disfluencies. lexical access: in attempting to produce the desired word, a HL speaker may use various delaying strategies (pauses, filler words, e.g. “uh”, “um”, “how it’s called”) or attempt to restart the word (“garbage cancan”, “rabrabbit”, “he wantehe gohe took“) structural access: when narrating, the speakers tend to produce clauses with minimal complexity, and string together these clauses with “and” and “then”; this results in a relatively flat structure." @default.
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- W2311377 date "2012-01-01" @default.
- W2311377 modified "2023-09-27" @default.
- W2311377 title "A look at Heritage English" @default.
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