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• W2313868051 abstract "I wish to thank Dr. Ward (1992) for his thoughtful critique of my earlier article (Michaud 1990). It is often constructive to contrast the predictions of models that differ in conceptual approach and basic assumptions. The model I proposed was based on the assumption that an insect is capable of completing development on a variety of plant species. I then investigated conditions that might preclude elimination of all but one host type. Given that the majority of insect herbivores are dietary specialists, it seemed appropriate to examine conditions which might select against specialization. The model proposed by Ward assumes that an optimal host exists and then examines conditions which might select for inclusion of a less suitable host in the diet. Despite this difference in approach, both models attempt to identify conditions that select for and against polyphagous habits. While the fitness of ovipositing insects may often be more limited by lifespan than by fecundity, oviposition behaviour is not moulded by time constraints alone. The model I presented was specifically formulated to be time-independent for the sake of simplicity. I assumed that the insect lives long enough to encounter a variety of hosts and to distribute its offspring among them such that each plant species contributes a distinct term to the insect fitness function. No assumption is made that any one host species is always more suitable than another, only that there are two or more acceptable I would concede it is more appropriate to remove host abundance from the suitability term and replace it with an encounter rate or some probability function that acts as a constraint on insect behaviour independent of host quality. However, this change does not alter the general implications of the model for host utilization strategies. Ward (1992) argues that the most important focus in host range evolution is the trade-off between the need to maximize offspring fitness by seeking the most suitable host, and the need to find a host before the forager's resources are exhausted. It is true that maximizing parental fitness does not always equate to maximizing individual offspring fitness (Wiklund 1975, Parker and Courtney 1984) but this may occur for reasons other than time constraints. Females can be observed to place eggs on hosts of low suitability for offspring even when the optimal host is available (Chew 1977, Wiklund 1981, Stanton 1984, Shreeve 1986). As Singer (1984) suggests ...behaviour patterns that maximize the fitness of the parent may not involve preference for the most suitable larval hosts. Thomas (1987) provides evidence that mulitiple host use can also arise in the absence of variation for species preference among individuals when there exists sufficient intraspecific variation in host quality. It is an a priori assumption of Ward's model that selection 'recognize' a superior host, i.e. that there exists an inequality in average suitability between the host species or host types that are distinguishable by the foraging insect. In fact, the 'optimal' host species may vary from one habitat to the next, or from one season to the next. The role of habitat characterisitics in influencing host selection has often been recognized (Tahvanainen 1983, Shreeve 1986, Courtney and Chew 1987). For example, suppose an insect forages in two habitats, HI and H2, and exploits two host types, A and B which yield fitness returns WA and WB respectively such that in Hi, WA > WB and in H2, WA < WB. This is conceivable if, for example, there exists some predator associated with A in H2 but not in HI. It is therefore evident that habitat differences could favour multiple host utilization and I question Ward's general assumption that spatial heterogeneity cannot select for polyphagy. In some situations the information neccessary to assess host quality relative to available alternatives may be lacking. If host-specific sources of larval mortality are occasionally high on each host type, the best strate-" @default.
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• W2313868051 date "1992-09-01" @default.
• W2313868051 modified "2023-09-27" @default.
• W2313868051 title "Further Considerations on Host Range Evolution in Herbivorous Insects" @default.
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• W2313868051 doi "https://doi.org/10.2307/3545178" @default.
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