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- W2314446039 abstract "My exploration of the question, Why do people sacrifice for their nations? (Stern, 1995) does not presume that individual self-interest is the bedrock basis for human action or reduce the question to that of how altruism can overcome a primordial egoism. Instead, it shifts the ground from that old debate to a more pertinent issue. I give good evolutionary reason to presume that there is a primordial basis for both group loyalty and egoism, and I ask how nationalism can win a contest of loyalties not only against egoism but, more importantly, against other group identifications, such as with family and community, that have a much stronger primordial claim on individuals than nations do. It is not altruism that I find problematic, but altruism toward a socially constructed group or imagined community (Anderson, 1983) and against the interest of face-to-face groups. As this framing of the nationalism question suggests, I share du Preez's (1996) desire to knock individualism off its metatheoretical pedestal. I attempt to do this with a theory of choice that features multiple values, bounded and constructed preferences. I presume that rather than having a single hedonic measuring stick for evaluating all choices, as in utility theories, people use several guiding principles, of which the egoism of rational choice of theory is but one. I call these principles values or value orientations, following Rokeach (1968, 1973) and Schwartz (1992). (Du Preez implicitly uses a similar construct when he discusses many kinds of rationality, such as those of the martyr and the egoist, each justified by its own premises.) Values function cognitively to allow people to exclude the bulk of available information as decision-irrelevant. The values that guide a particular choice depend on the chooser's cultural and personal history, situational factors, and social conditions and influences, and can in principle be understood by empirical study. When someone is asked to sacrifice for a nation, the implicit contest of principles or values may involve egoism and various competing altruisms; my article proposes some mechanisms that might lead individuals to act on nationalistic principles rather than others. In other spheres of life," @default.
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- W2314446039 date "1996-09-01" @default.
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- W2314446039 title "Nationalism as Reconstructed Altruism" @default.
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- W2314446039 doi "https://doi.org/10.2307/3791970" @default.
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