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- W2315319638 abstract "Interest in social organization among vertebrates stems from the initial observations by Schjelderup-Ebbe (1922, 1935) on birds, much of which was concerned with the so-called peck-order in the common domestic fowl. Recent studies of both an observational and analytical nature have expanded into the several classes of vertebrates and under field and laboratory conditions. Chickens serve as useful animals for experimental treatment and have received much analytical attention in studies of social behavior by Allee (1938, 1942, 1943) and his associates. This avian hierarchy is based on what has been called peckrights, in which the relative social position of each hen is determined by the number of birds it pecks. The truly dominant bird pecks all in its flock without being pecked in return, and the bottom bird is pecked by all. The rest may form a straight-line peck-order between them, although pecking triangles may occur. The social order tends to be straight-line in small flocks, is relatively stable among hens, is formative among pullets, and may tend to change among cocks. In mixed flocks all of the cocks usually dominate all of the hens. When strange birds are brought together for the first time, fights occur between the individuals until a decision is reached, but not infrequently some submit passively. Upon the outcome of these initial pair-contacts the social order is based, as a beaten bird will thereafter avoid the hens to whom it lost in the introductory contest. This aggressive behavior and the factors which make for.success in initial encounters between hens have been analyzed by Collias (1943, 1944). The relative influence of hormones to aggressiveness have been subjected to tests. Low ranking hens injected with the male hormone, testosterone propionate, by Allee, Collias and Lutherman (1939) rose to top position in each flock so tested. Epinephrine had no effect (Allee and Collias, 1938); thyroxin had no demonstrable influence on success in initial pair-contests (Allee, Collias and Beeman, 1940); and the female sex hormone, estradiol, did not produce as striking results as the male hormone but tended to act, probably" @default.
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- W2315319638 date "1945-03-01" @default.
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- W2315319638 title "Some Observations and Experiments on Social Behavior in the Domestic Fowl" @default.
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- W2315319638 doi "https://doi.org/10.2307/3625445" @default.
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