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• W2316563913 abstract "We evaluated the efficacy of feeding a supplemental ration to captive and wild mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus hemionus) in Colorado. The supplement was 63% digestible and provided 2.55 kcal/g of metabolizable energy. Ad libitum intake was 28.8 g/kg BW/day. Captive animals adapted to low quality forage diets showed no digestive upsets when abruptly offered the supplemental ration ad libitum. We observed effects of feeding on animal condition and mortality in three populations of wild mule deer. Unfed deer showed the poorest body condition and highest mortality; 53% of the unfed population died during winter. Mortality rates in a population fed 0.9 kg/deer/day averaged 33%; mortality of deer fed ad libitum averaged 24%. We concluded that emergency feeding of a nutritionally adequate ration to mule deer can reduce mortality in populations subject to exceptionally severe winter weather. J. WILDL. MANAGE. 49(4):934-942 Severe winter weather periodically causes high mortality in mule deer populations in the Rocky Mountains. Because such losses are frequently unrelated to population density (Gilbert et al. 1970, Wallmo and Gill 1971, Bartmann and Bowden 1984), they often cannot be ameliorated by harvest management. Habitat improvement and protection of critical wintering areas offer the ultimate solution to this problem (Gilbert et al. 1970, Scotter 1980). However, carrying capacities of traditional winter ranges can vary tremendously due to annual variation in snow depth (Wallmo et al. 1977) and plant production (Hobbs et al. 1982). Consequently, managers must occasionally accept high levels of mortality even on the best managed winter ranges (Crowe and Strickland 1984). This creates an important problem. Increased public demand for mule deer populations decreases the acceptability of high levels of density-independent winter mortality. A potential remedy to this dilemma is feeding deer artificial rations to supplement limited supplies of native forage during unusually harsh winters. In theory, emergency feeding should reduce annual variation in mule deer numbers by mitigating the effects of occasionally severe winter weather. In practice, however, supplemental feeding has usually failed to prevent starvation of deer in the Rocky Mountains (Carhart 1943, 1945; Doman and Rasmussen 1944; Smith 1952; Keiss and Smith 1966). At one extreme, feeding low quality hay caused acute digestive impaction and ulceration (Schoonveld et al. 1974) and limited intake to levels insufficient for maintenance of small bodied ruminants like mule deer (Ammann et al. 1973, Short This content downloaded from 157.55.39.179 on Tue, 12 Apr 2016 09:50:15 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms" @default.
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• W2316563913 date "1985-10-01" @default.
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• W2316563913 title "The ED 50 of Carfentanil for Elk Immobilization with and without the Tranquilizer R51703" @default.
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• W2316563913 doi "https://doi.org/10.2307/3801373" @default.
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