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- W2317233926 abstract "Ionized calcium, presents a tiny, but functionally the most important,fraction of this ion concentration in plasma, interstitial fluid and cytoplasm,each under a strict and independent control of numerous feedback mechanisms. The stability of calcemia is assuredmainly by the synchronized action of parathormone, calcitonin, vitamin D 3 , and phosphates, plasma proteins, and hydrogen concentrations (pH). Several medications and disease interfere into these control mechanisms. The slight and mild deviations from normocalcemia are usually symptomless or causeonly unspecific symptoms, respectively. The severe dyscalcemiastrigger either tetany or its equivalents (hypocalcemia) or polyuria and dehydration (hypercalcemia). These are the only dyscalcemiasto be instantly treated symptomatically regardless of the symptoms resulting from acute or exacerbated chronic conditions. In symptomatic hypocalcemia the intravenous calcium is given til the symptoms’ cessation. Hydration with 0.9% NaCl is the treatment of choice in symptomatic hypercalcemia, which is supplemented by inhibition of osteolysis with calcitionin and bisphosphonates. Hemodialysis is an alternative method of treating both, hypo- and hypercalcemia, provided these are symptomatic. The article presents the most important causes of dyscalcemias, the principles of diagnosing, differentiating and treating in the acute and the chronic conditions. Forum Nefrologiczne 2011, vol. 4, no 4, 373–383" @default.
- W2317233926 created "2016-06-24" @default.
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- W2317233926 date "2011-01-01" @default.
- W2317233926 modified "2023-09-24" @default.
- W2317233926 title "Hipo- i hiperkalcemia — patogeneza i problemy terapeutyczne Hypo- and hypercalcemia — pathogenesis and treatment dilemma" @default.
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