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- W2317396987 abstract "Abstract As a result of research in the 1950s and 1960s, carbon dioxide (CO2) flooding has been implemented at the pilot and project stage in the petroleum industry since the early 1970s. A plethora of articles have been produced on the problems and successes of using CO2 as an enhanced oil recovery process. A number of the operational problems regarding full-scale implementation have been settled to some degree. The WAG (water alternating with gas) technique to improve mobility efficiency of the higher mobile CO2 gas over the lower mobile reservoir fluids was an evolutionary step in the technical and economic implementation of CO2 as a tertiary recovery process. This combination of two improved oil recovery processes (waterflooding and gas injection) resulted in a problem that has perplexed the industry since implementing the pilot studies in the early 1970s. A recent survey conducted by New Mexico Petroleum Recovery Research Center (NMPRRC) on CO2 flooding indicated that injectivity abnormalities during WAG cycles has been a crucial limiting factor in many projects. Additionally the WAG process has been expanded to include most gas injection processes of enhancing hydrocarbon recovery - immiscible and miscible processes. Based on the fluid flow properties of CO2 and other IOR gases, one would intuitively expect that gas injectivity would be greater than the waterflood brine injectivity. However, in practice this behavior is not always observed. In addition, water injectivity may be higher or lower than the waterflood brine injectivity. What is more perplexing is that some reservoirs may lose injectivity and others may increase injectivity after the first slug of gas (CO2) is injected. In addition, this phenomenon may occur on a local scale. Injection wells in the same field and reservoir may have significantly different behavior. A number of researchers have studied and proposed reasons for this phenomenon over the past 20 years. This paper summarizes the hypothesis and theories as to the causes and expectations of injectivity behavior in various CO2 and gas flooded reservoirs. The intent of the paper is to: Provide a concise compendium to the current understanding of the WAG mechanism and predictability, Provide a comprehensive single source review of the causes and conditions of injectivity abnormalities in CO2/gas flood EOR projects, Aid in formulating the direction of research, and Help operators develop operational and design strategies for current and future projects as well as input parameters for simulating current and future projects." @default.
- W2317396987 created "2016-06-24" @default.
- W2317396987 creator A5037576955 @default.
- W2317396987 creator A5069418149 @default.
- W2317396987 date "2000-04-03" @default.
- W2317396987 modified "2023-10-18" @default.
- W2317396987 title "A Literature Analysis of the WAG Injectivity Abnormalities in the CO2 Process" @default.
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- W2317396987 doi "https://doi.org/10.2118/59329-ms" @default.
- W2317396987 hasPublicationYear "2000" @default.
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