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- W2317846344 abstract "Erosion of surface soils is a particular concern in climates with high intensity storms and low native plant density such as the semi-arid Southwestern US. In this case, erosion may occur by the formation of rills and gullies that can result in significant maintenance expense and/or the loss of function of the soil layer. For example, significant erosion from a surface cover system designed to isolate buried wastes will compromise their barrier function. Estimates of erosion from single precipitation events in semi-arid climates suggest that erosion from a single 100-year event can be more than five times the average annual erosion. Thus, there is a need to design for specific storm events rather than using annual averages. An effective erosion barrier for conditions associated with semi-arid climates can be designed by combining gravel with native soils into a gravel admixture layer. As finer portions of the soil are removed by erosive forces, the larger particles remain behind and form an armored layer that inhibits the formation of deep rills and gullies. The area of armored layer formation is restricted to zones where erosive flows are concentrated. This process is observed in nature in the formation of armored layers in sand and gravel bed arroyos. In dry climates, a gravel admixture layer can have advantages over other treatments such as rip-rap, gravel veneers, vegetation and geosynthetics. For example, in contrast to some other treatments, an admixture will have little impact on vegetation or the soil-water balance. A procedure for design of gravel admixtures is given. Input to the design includes physical properties of the surface layer (slope, length) and the intensity of the application of the water (precipitation rates, infiltration — runoff relationship, and off-site flows). The design results include the size of the gravel, percentage of gravel and depth of the admixture layer. In addition, modification of the hydraulic properties of the native soils from the added gravel can be estimated. The successful application of a gravel admixture layer into a cover system for a Superfund site is described. The gravel admixture layer was designed to provide protection from a 100-year precipitation event and included the following specifications: 50% gravel (1:1 by weight with soil), size gravel at 1.6 to 3.2 cm; and a 16 cm layer thickness. After seven years, the cover shows no signs of significant rill formation or other degradation." @default.
- W2317846344 created "2016-06-24" @default.
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- W2317846344 date "2005-10-09" @default.
- W2317846344 modified "2023-09-25" @default.
- W2317846344 title "Gravel Admixtures for Erosion Protection in Semi-Arid Climates" @default.
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- W2317846344 doi "https://doi.org/10.1061/40781(160)5" @default.
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