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• W2319125745 abstract "<h3>Introduction</h3> In <i>Clostridium difficile</i> infection, antibody-mediated immune response to secreted toxins A and B (which are also the main virulence factors) appears to be important in determining the nature of clinical disease. During a bacterial infection, activation of B cells leads to loss of immunoglobulin (Ig) D and expression of antigen-specific Ig on the cell surface. Following resolution of infection, antigen-specific memory B cells may be detectable in the circulation. Our aim was to identify circulating toxin A-activated B cells during clinical disease and toxin A-specific memory B cells following resolution of <i>C difficile</i> infection. <h3>Methods</h3> Purified <i>C difficile</i> toxin A was labelled with Alexa Fluor 488 (toxin A⁴⁸⁸) and its biological activity and specificity of fluorescence were confirmed using Vero cells and anti-toxin A antibody, respectively. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMNCs) were obtained from 20 patients [13 female, 7 male; median age 67 yrs (range 32–96 yrs)] with <i>C difficile</i> infection, within 10 days of diarrhoeal onset. For flow cytometry, PBMNCs were incubated on ice in the dark for 1 h in the absence or presence of toxin A⁴⁸⁸. After washing, cells were labelled with anti-CD19-ECD (B cell marker) and anti-IgD-PE (to identify antigen-activated IgD-negativecells). PBMNCs were also polyclonally stimulated in vitro for 6 days to induce differentiation of memory B cells to antibody secreting cells (ASCs). Enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) assays were used to quantify toxin A-specific IgG ASCs and expressed as percentage of total IgG ASCs. Toxin A-specific IgG antibody levels in sera were studied by ELISA. Data are expressed as median (range). <h3>Results</h3> Compared to control buffer, a significantly greater proportion of events (flow cytometry) were seen in the CD19-positive, IgD-negative gate in PBMNCs exposed to toxin A⁴⁸⁸ [0.09% (0%–0.54%) vs 0.92% (0.09%–1.78%); p<0.001]. In four patients studied at the same time as flow cytometry, toxin A-specific ASCs were detected by ELISPOT assays (0.04%–2%). In studies over 4 (1–10) months after infection, toxin A-specific ASCs were observed [0.33 (0.07–2.12)%]. Serum anti-toxin A antibodies were detectable in eight patients at the time of clinical disease and in four patients, the antibody levels increased over the following 6 (2–10) months. <h3>Conclusion</h3> (1) A small population of toxin A-specific, antigen-activated B cells can be detected in the circulation soon after <i>C difficile</i> infection. (2) In addition to circulating antibody, toxin A-specific memory B cells can be detected over many months after <i>C difficile</i> infection. (3) Future studies can investigate the relationship between the development of B cell responses to <i>C difficile</i> toxins and the nature of clinical disease. <h3>Competing interests</h3> None declared." @default.
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• W2319125745 date "2012-05-28" @default.
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• W2319125745 title "PWE-108 Toxin A-specific antigen-activated and memory B cells in the circulation of patients withClostridium difficileinfection" @default.
• W2319125745 doi "https://doi.org/10.1136/gutjnl-2012-302514d.108" @default.
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