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• W2321819120 endingPage "212" @default.
• W2321819120 startingPage "189" @default.
• W2321819120 abstract "Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic disease of the central nervous system with an unidentified etiology. We systematically reviewed the literature on the possible risk factors associated with MS disease onset, relapses and progression from 1960 to 2012 by accessing six databases and including relevant systematic reviews, meta-analyses, case-control or cohort studies. The focus was on identifying modifiable risk factors. Fifteen systematic reviews and 169 original articles were quality assessed and integrated into a descriptive review. Best evidence, which included one or more prospective studies, suggested that lower exposure to sunlight and/or lower serum vitamin D levels were associated with an increased risk of developing MS onset and subsequent relapses, but a similar quality of evidence was lacking for disease progression. Prospective studies indicated that cigarette smoking may increase the risk of MS as well as accelerate disease progression, but whether smoking altered the risk of a relapse was largely unknown. Infections were implicated in both risk of developing MS and relapses, but data for progression were lacking. Specifically, exposure to the Epstein-Barr virus, particularly if this manifested as infectious mononucleosis during adolescence, was associated with increased MS risk. Upper respiratory tract infections were most commonly associated with an increase in relapses. Relapse rates typically dropped during pregnancy, but there was no strong evidence to suggest that pregnancy itself altered the risk of MS or affected long-term progression. Emerging research with the greatest potential to impact public health was the suggestion that obesity during adolescence may increase the risk of MS; if confirmed, this would be of major significance." @default.
• W2321819120 created "2016-06-24" @default.
• W2321819120 creator A5025007414 @default.
• W2321819120 creator A5025037775 @default.
• W2321819120 creator A5053127677 @default.
• W2321819120 creator A5061291374 @default.
• W2321819120 creator A5063538016 @default.
• W2321819120 date "2017-07-01" @default.
• W2321819120 modified "2023-10-17" @default.
• W2321819120 title "Factors associated with onset, relapses or progression in multiple sclerosis: A systematic review" @default.
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