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• W2322341702 abstract "Conventional flood control engineering techniques and approaches that have been traditionally been applied are now challenged by the public and no longer readily available as floodplain management tools. Increased awareness and concern regarding environmental degradation has resulted in protection of the riparian and river ecosystems. A variety of drainage related projects are required to provide habitat mitigation as a part of regulatory permit requirements. Natural floodplains typically provide the most appropriate location for constructing habitat replacement since this is a natural riparian ecosystem, especially in semi-arid areas. Incorporating environmental features into an active floodplain requires an understanding of the natural physical processes and stream mechanics, along with commonly encountered failure problems. General planning guidelines and a formalized design process adopt fundamental procedures to enhance the preservation of the natural floodplain characteristics. The recommendations include typical design considerations and site selection techniques addressing many primary concerns. Recent technology utilizing computer graphic visualizations facilitates the design development process and assists in the consensus building process with the community. Applying multi-disciplined planning guidelines to develop habitat mitigation within active floodplains assists in developing an implementable and successful long-term floodplain management project which addresses flood protection as well as providing environmental opportunities. The current challenge of flood control design solution is to incorporate multi-objective stream corridor planning which addresses both the engineering and natural resource issues, including the preservation or replacement of riparian habitat. The detrimental effect of common channel modifications and maintenance practices is well ’ Associate, Water Resources, Robert Bein, William Frost & Associates, 14725 Alton Parkway, Irvine, California 92619 Copyright ASCE 2004 Wetlands 1998 documented. Flood control channelization projects typically impact sensitive riparian ecosystems which are located in existing active floodplains. These riverine ecosystems are regulated by environmental permitting agencies and require appropriate mitigation of the impacts through avoidance or replacement of the habitat. The riparian habitat located in the existing floodplain is generally a minor component of the surrounding area, however, it provides a resource of more structurally diverse and productive plant life. In addition, existing riparian ecosystems provide food, cover, and water for wildlife, as well as migration corridors or linkages for animals. Riparian ecosystems in natural active floodplains are especially important resource in the semi-arid areas of the Southwest. These areas represent the potentially most suitable location for developing constructed habitat replacement projects. Development of an acceptable floodplain management program through implementation of flood control improvement projects requires integrating the various goals for river systems, not only flood protection, through effective multi-objective stream corridor management focusing on preservation of the natural stream characteristics and biological values. The engineering design must incorporate habitat enhancement areas as an integral part of the design function and operation of the riverine system. An important step in achieving this goal is through initially identifying habitat mitigation as a primary objective of the project in order to successfully integrate this element into a comprehensive and functional design. Environmental opportunities should be clearly recognized and then selection of the features which will meet the environmental objectives. The most effective design is the best combination of the environmental features which will meet the engineering/flood protection and environmental objectives. Successfully incorporating environmental features, such as habitat mitigation, into the design as part of an active floodplain relies on an understanding of (1) fluvial morphology, (2) watershed characteristics, (3) sediment transport, (4) hydrology, (5) biology, and (6) floodplain hydraulics. INITIAL PLANNING GUIDELINES AND COMMON PROBLEMS WITH MITIGATION The planning and design of floodplain management projects which integrate riparian habitat creation is a difficult task since streams are naturally dynamic. The flood control engineer must carefully evaluate the general issues associated with the engineering of floodplain management and environmental requirements during the initial design planning process. Understanding of geomorphic principles is an essential component of the design in order to emulate the natural characteristics of river channel in the creation of a successful riparian ecosystem. An important concept in planning relies on utilizing geomorphic engineering techniques which recognize a balance between channel form and process. Initial data collected can identify the physical characteristics of the existing riverine system, including insight into: (1) natural river adjustment, (2) accuracy of prediction methodologies, (3) development of empirical relations, (4) relative stability of the floodplain elements, and (5) consequence of changes to the system. The initial planning level assessment utilizes these tools Copyright ASCE 2004 Wetlands 1998 available to determine or predict the (1) projected habitat characteristics, and then (2) evaluate the channel stability or system response. A minimum suggested design and planning work program for integrating habitat features into a floodplain management program has been developed as guideline which has been applied on similar floodplain management projects. An important component of the planning effort is the involvement and communication with the resource agencies which allows direct input during the design development and assists in satisfying permit requirements. Table No. 1 Typical Planning and Design Program 1. Resource Agency Pre-Design Conference 2. Site Reconnaissance 3. Establishment of Project Objectives 4. Baseline Data Compilation 5. Biological Assessment 6. Qualitative Geomorphic Analysis 7. Engineering Analysis of Baseline Floodplain Characteristics 8. Alternative Development and Selection of Design Features 9. Quantitative Engineering Evaluation of Alternatives and Riverine Response 10. Biological Evaluation of Alternatives 10. Planting Design / Irrigation 11. Implementation 12. Monitoring The design process for habitat creation in floodplains has inherent limitations since it is not possible to accurately predict the responses in alluvial stream systems. The apparent deficiencies associated with the design process includes (1) modeling limitations, (2) limited design criteria, (3) extremely site specific design applications, (4) difficult prediction of hydraulics and stream response, (5) rely on empirical geomorphology relationships, (6) impact on ecosystem unpredictable, (7) uncertainties regarding sedimentation and erosion, and (8) alluvial stream mechanics have numerous degrees of freedom and variables. An awareness of common problems associated with the success of riparian habitat creation in active floodplains will assist in guiding the initial planning. There have been numerous unsuccessful attempts at habitat creation in floodplains and important design concepts can be assimilated from these failures. Most of these failures are related to (1) dynamics of alluvial floodplains, (2) apparent survival rate of vegetation, (3) vegetation damage compared to replacement costs, (4) flow velocities versus vegetative damage, (5) water supply requirements, (6) debris and sediment accumulation, (7) erosion damage and streambed migration, (8) compatibility with structural flood control measures, (9) integration and compatibility with natural Copyright ASCE 2004 Wetlands 1998 ecosystem, (10) reduced hydraulic efficiency, (11) vegetation irrigation during nonrainfall seasons, and (12) overall site suitability. An accurate baseline database is a critical component to develop the foundation of the design during the initial planning effort. The accumulation of data should include information on (1) hydro periods, (2) floodplain hydraulics and delineation, (3) geomorphology, (4) historic stream characteristics, (5) stream cross sections, (6) meander geometry, (7) hydrology and historic flood values, (8) channel bed and bank stability, (9) grain size distribution, (10) biologic survey and vegetative mapping, (11) groundwater, and (12) existing habitat evaluation. Inadequate and incomplete data will lead to increased difficulties in developing predictions regarding hydraulic channel responses since proper watershed management guidance relies on an understanding of cause/effect relations. Inventory of additional floodplain morphology data should include (1) stream patterns, (2) bed profile, (3) channel geometry, (4) streambed and bank stability, and (5) depositional patterns. TYPICAL DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS The critical design considerations for planning the incorporation of environmental features into a floodplain management program focus on three primary areas which nclude: (1) biological, (2) hydraulic / hydrology, (3) geomorphic fluvial controls. Table No. 2 Design Considerations for Planning Habitat Features 1" @default.
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• W2322341702 date "1998-12-09" @default.
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• W2322341702 title "Riparian Habitat Replacement Within Active Floodplains" @default.
• W2322341702 doi "https://doi.org/10.1061/40382(1998)180" @default.
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