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• W2326283386 abstract "Psychological research has a long track record of developing tools for our understanding of mental processes. Prominent among these tools are the measurement of the duration of cognitive processes (mental chronometry) and the localization of these processes in the brain (cognitive neuroscience). Somewhat less prominent, but undeservedly so, is eye movement recording or eye-tracking. Eyetracking has a century-old history (Wade & Tatler, 2005) that has recently culminated in the widespread availability of relatively affordable and low-effort tools for the unobtrusive study of visual exploratory behaviour (e.g., Holmqvist et al., 2011). Eye movements, an endless succession of rapid jumps (saccades) and brief resting periods (fixations) of the eye balls, arguably constitute our most frequent goal-directed behaviour (cf. Desmurget, Pelisson, Rossetti, & Prablanc, 1998; Hayhoe & Ballard, 2005). Measurements of eye position can be taken several hundred times per second without requiring additional task instructions or interrupting the naturally occurring behaviour of participants. Successive measures with similar spatial coordinates are aggregated into one fixation with a specific location and duration; larger changes in location yield new fixations, and thus information about saccade directions and saccade sizes. Multiple fixations falling on a given visual object or area of interest can be further aggregated, resulting in gaze durations or total viewing times or dwell times as additional eye movement measures (Holmqvist et al., 2011). Importantly, just two simple assumptions about eye movement measures have allowed cognitive scientists to employ eye-tracking very productively in the service of cognitive research. First, gazing at something likely indicates the object of our thoughts (Tanenhaus, Spivey-Knowlton, Eberhard, & Sedivy, 1995). And secondly, the time spent looking at an object corresponds to the time we think about this object (Just & Carpenter, 1980). Both assumptions have received extensive support fromreading researchwheremostwords are successively fixated and fixation durations primarily reflect ease of comprehension (e.g., Kliegl, Nuthmann, & Engbert, 2006; Rayner, 1998; Rayner & Reingold, 2015; Reichle, Pollatsek, Fisher, & Rayner, 1998; Starr & Rayner, 2001). Building on these simple assumptions, eye-tracking thus provides detailed information about the spatial selectivity and temporal extent of ongoing cognition, enabling researchers to ‘‘read the mind’’. This research rationale can profitably be extended into the domain of numerical cognition. In this field of study the currently dominant view holds that number concepts are represented on a spatially oriented ‘‘mental number line’’, with small numbers represented to the left of larger numbers (at least in Western cultures; Dehaene, Bossini, & Giraux, 1993). The ‘‘mental number line’’ gives rise to spatial–numerical associations, which can be widely observed, both in simple number classification tasks and also in more complex tasks such as mental arithmetic (Fischer & Shaki, 2014). Eye movements provide online access to the focus of spatial attention and can therefore reveal the order and duration of concept activations, & Matthias Hartmann matthias.hartmann@psy.unibe.ch" @default.
• W2326283386 created "2016-06-24" @default.
• W2326283386 creator A5048822179 @default.
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• W2326283386 date "2016-02-29" @default.
• W2326283386 modified "2023-09-27" @default.
• W2326283386 title "Exploring the numerical mind by eye-tracking: a special issue" @default.
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• W2326283386 doi "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00426-016-0759-0" @default.
• W2326283386 hasPubMedId "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26927470" @default.

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