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• W2327854734 abstract "BIRD flocks are held together by mutual attractions which are often innate. Witness the flocks of Cowbirds (Molothrm ater) which gather from broods reared by a wide variety of foster parents. On the other hand, training may seriously modify these reactions. In extreme cases, such as the Graylag Goose (Anser anser) described by Heinroth and Heinroth (1928), mere exposure of the young to a foster parent for a short period at the time of hatching will bind these young to this foster parent for a long period (Lorenz, 1935). Again, there are forces tending to disrupt the flock and these of course vary with the age of the bird and with the conditions of the environment. It is a curious fact that one regulating mechanism of bird society, the dominance drive, has been credited with both centrifugal and centripetal powers. In recent years this drive has been studied experimentally in many groups of vertebrates and certain general conclusions have been reached which give us a better understanding of bird behavior. It is now well known from the studies of Schjelderup-Ebbe (1924), Masure and Allee (1934), Murchison (1935, 1936) and Skard (1937) that no two hens, or roosters, can remain very long together in the barnyard without establishing which is superior or inferior to the other. In a flock, a dominant hen may peck a subordinate without fear of retaliation. The latter may be dominant over a third, and the third over a fourth. The 'pecking order' which results is not closely correlated with the relative weights of the birds. Schjelderup-Ebbe (1935) believes that the circumstances of the first meeting of the two hens and their relative courage are as important as strength in determining which will become dominant. A position in the pecking order is not, however, always determined at the first meeting but may be deferred for days. Masure and Allee (1934) found that the ranking birds tend to make more contacts than do those lower in the social scale. This suggests that an inherent aggressive disposition may favor a bird's securing a position high in the order. Among Domestic Fowls the males early become dominant over the females. Schjelderup-Ebbe (1924) noted that the vigor of the attack of the rooster on the hen abates with the rise of sex interest but he insists that only in those cases where the male absolutely dominates the female does she submit to copulation unresistingly. He further generalizes that in all animals, female dominancy has a detrimental effect on procreation. Murchison (1935) found that if a hen is released between two roosters she tends to move toward the more dominant of the two males. It would seem that roosters high in the order would have greater opportunities of mating. When, how-" @default.
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• W2327854734 date "1939-07-01" @default.
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• W2327854734 title "The Rôle of Dominance in the Social Life of Birds" @default.
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• W2327854734 doi "https://doi.org/10.2307/4079047" @default.
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