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• W2327881240 abstract "J NDIVIDUAL social mobility may be consideredaschangeof within a hierarchy of reference in a society. The hiearchy of positions may be specified by any one or a combination of qualities which provide a scale, or at least which we can conceive as having scalable properties. Position determining qualities common in sociological research are economic status, occupation, and reputed prestige. In a medieval guild situation, creative manual skill might have been one quality at issue. In a theocratic community, certain moral virtues could be the strongest determiners of position. And, in some modern, authoritarian states, it appears that political purity is a major factor. This paper directs attention to occupation as an indicator of social status in the American scene. Change of occupation will be taken as an indicator of social mobility. The use of occupation as the sole indicator of social status is justified to a degree by such a finding as that of Warner that placements of individuals based on it are correlated strongly (r equals 0.91) with evaluated participation placements derived from interviews within communities. More recently, Kahl and Davis in a systematic test of a variety of social placement techniques show that occupation is one of the best referents by which to estimate position.' Once position is specified, there are several points of reference from which social mobility may be assessed. Change of status might be determined with respect to such bench marks as father's status, status of siblings, or of high school peer associates, or of present work group associates. They might be assessed even against some fantasy group with which a person desires to be compared. Change may also be considered along the individual's own adult work history. In this latter instance it is necessary to account not only for changes in absolute level of attainments, but also for time rates of the changes, for average rates of increased attainment with maturity in the population, and the coordination of these with broad economic trends in the society as a whole. In this paper we will deal with changes vis-a-vis familial reference groups and will consider other of these questions in future reports. reference group in Merton's sense is some body of persons with respect to whom an individual Cmeasures) or may be expected to assess his own performance.2 The relativistic framework so implied is with little question the most scientifically appropriate one when attempting to treat a system of forces and their behavior resultants-as is the case in studies of social mobility. structuralpositional analysis will not necessarily provide adequate delineation of social forces; and, it is true, the referential-relativistic one may not necessarily indicate relevant social structure. Studies coordinating both types of analysis are needed eventually to gain a more nearly complete grasp of the social matrix. The reference groups with which we shall deal are those of the subjects' fathers, and of their older and younger siblings. There appears to be considerable utility in considering the family of origin as a reference group, although this usage differs slightly from the membership and nonmembership distinction Merton has emphasized.3 The general hypothesis is that upward social mobility is associated with satisfaction to the individual, and that downward social mobility is associated with frustrations. This applies, of course, to groups of people on a statistical basis, rather than to any selected person. There are occasional individuals to whom a taste of success merely leads to an increased neurotic drive for further achievement, and conversely those who gain emotional satisfaction from perpetual failures. We assume these are sufficiently rare not to obscure the general trend hypothesized. The statement of this general hypothesis lead to * Paper read at the annual meeting of the American Sociological Society, 1955. 1 See, for example, W. Lloyd Warner, et al., Social Class in America (Chicago: Science Research Associates, 1949) esp. chap. 10; and Joseph A. Kahl and James A. Davis, A Comparison of Indexes of SocioEconomic Status, American Sociological Review, XX (1955), 317-25. 2 Robert K. Merton and Alice S. Kitt, Contributions to the Theory of Reference Group Behavior, in Continuities in Social Research, R. K. Merton and P. F. Lazarsfeld (eds.) (Glencoe: The Free Press, 1950). 3 Merton and Kitt, op. cit., esp. pp. 84-95." @default.
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• W2327881240 date "1956-10-01" @default.
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• W2327881240 title "Social Origins and Occupational Adjustment" @default.
• W2327881240 doi "https://doi.org/10.2307/2573108" @default.
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