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• W2328245621 abstract "Several authors (Scott & Hill, 1900; West & Takeda, 1915; Osborn, 1922; Duthie, 1929) mention that the corms of various species of Isoetes grow beneath the soil surface. Osborn gave the depth at which he found the corms of the adult plants as about two cm; some of the specimens of I. nuttallii supplied to me by Miss Vesta Hesse apparently grew at about the same depth, as indicated by the extent of the non-green, proximal portions of the sporophylls. Duthie reported finding corms at depths as great as 5-6 cm. Osborn and Duthie both worked with terrestrial species; I have found no references in the literature indicating the depth at which the corms of any aquatic species occur. However, the corms of aquatic species of Isoetes (mainly I. tuckermanii) that I collected from several localities in New Jersey, Connecticut, and Massachusetts generally were buried so that the upper surface of the corm was about level with the surface of the substrate. Where the plants grew on fairly coarse gravel, their corms were only partly buried. Observations on spore dispersal and gametophyte growth indicate that the gametophytes of some and probably all Isoetes species live on or near the surface of the substrate, but no suggestions appear in the literature as to how the sporophytes become buried. In some cases sedimentation is apparently partly responsible for the corms becoming buried in the substrate, but this did not appear to be significant around the plants at most of the localities where I collected them. In October 1971 and in September 1972 detached sporophylls of the aquatic I. tuckermanii were seen floating on Ames Long Pond in eastern Massachusetts. The same has been observed with sporophylls of I. bolanderi (Robert Dennis, pers. comm.). It is likely that water movement regularly detaches the bouyant, air filled sporophylls of the aquatic species as they begin to decay at the end of the growing season. As the sporophylls decay further, the sporangia and/or individual spores sink to the bottom, where presumably the gametophytes and sporelings develop. Isoetes tuckermanii sporelings in Ames Long Pond do indeed develop at or near the surface of the substrate, although their exact position was difficult to determine because of the extremely loose nature of the highly organic muck in which the plants were growing. In at least one terrestrial species (I. drummondii), spores are deposited on the soil surface (Osborn, 1922), and therefore it is possible that the gametophytes and sporelings also develop on the surface. Duthie (1929) reports that the spores of terrestrial species are dispersed in the soil by earthworms. Even if the germination of spores originally deposited upon the surface were delayed until they had somehow become passively buried, it seems unlikely that the sporelings of any species could survive at the depths at which adult corms are found, for the limited food reserves of Isoetes megagametophytes requires that the sporelings become nutritionally self-sufficient at an early age. The first few leaves of the sporeling are very" @default.
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• W2328245621 date "1977-01-01" @default.
• W2328245621 modified "2023-09-25" @default.
• W2328245621 title "Substrate Penetration by the Corm of Isoetes" @default.
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• W2328245621 doi "https://doi.org/10.2307/1546193" @default.
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