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• W2328483742 abstract "Historians often mention disease outbreaks in war, but few investigate the actual consequences on strategic thinking or troop effectiveness, let alone the outcome of military engagements. This volume, however, offers such insights on the Civil War by examining how mosquito‐borne illnesses, specifically malaria and yellow fever, shaped military campaigns and the war itself. In this extensively researched study, Andrew McIlwaine Bell argues that as mosquito‐borne illnesses killed thousands of soldiers they also influenced the tactical and operational thinking of their officers. The title refers to the insects and not the soldiers who fought among them because “throughout the war the South's large mosquito population operated as a sort of mercenary force, a third Army, one that could work for or against either side depending on the circumstances” (p. 4). Two‐thirds of Union deaths and perhaps three‐fourths of Confederate deaths were from disease; dysentery and diarrhea were the worst killers throughout the country. But the South, home to Anopheles mosquitoes that carried the malaria parasites and Aedes agypti mosquitoes that transmitted the yellow fever virus, presented a strategic challenge. Wary of southern pestilence, many Union generals were reluctant to launch major offenses during the warm months (the “sickly season”), which enabled the Confederates to transfer troops from lowland districts to other fronts during those times. Northern fear of yellow fever in southern ports also helped the South by keeping Union ships at bay. But although many southerners had developed some immunity to malaria or had survived yellow fever and were therefore immune, they, too, experienced disastrous sickness rates as the war dragged on, enabling the North to capitalize on its superior resources and supply lines. Malaria was one of the few diseases against which there was an effective treatment in the nineteenth century (quinine), and, Bell argues, “the advantage this drug gave to Union forces cannot be overstated … Yankee surgeons doled out more than nineteen tons of the medicine” (p. 6)." @default.
• W2328483742 created "2016-06-24" @default.
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• W2328483742 date "2011-02-01" @default.
• W2328483742 modified "2023-09-25" @default.
• W2328483742 title "Andrew McIlwaine Bell . Mosquito Soldiers: Malaria, Yellow Fever, and the Course of the American Civil War . Baton Rouge : Louisiana State University Press . 2010 . Pp. xiv, 192. $29.95." @default.
• W2328483742 doi "https://doi.org/10.1086/ahr.116.1.178" @default.
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