FRINK Linked Data Fragments server

Matches in SemOpenAlex for { <https://semopenalex.org/work/W2328592321> ?p ?o ?g. }

• W2328592321 abstract "Artificial satellites have a tradition of freedom of skies that contrasts sharply with international law regarding aircraft. Legally an aircraft cannot fly over a sovereign nation's air space without permission, and allegations of espionage usually greet unauthorized overflights. Satellites have been free from such allegations since Sputnik I, the first satellite, was orbited on Oct. 4, 1957, without international protests. (This may have been because no nation was in a position to do anything about Sputnik at the time.) The United Nations has reaffirmed this open sky policy with a Treaty on Peaceful Uses of Outer Space that establishes the right of any nation to conduct peaceful activities in space without getting permission from any other nation. Even military reconnaissance satellites equipped with sophisticated remote sensing instruments orbit the earth daily without interference. Perhaps it is because these satellites, rather than causing international conflict, have been credited on occasion with preserving world peace. The Soviets know what the United States is doing and vice versa. These precedents may be one of the reasons that there has been little significant clamor over the launch of the first civilian satellite with the prime objective of looking at the earth's surface (SN: 6/24/72, p. 408). Earth Resources Technology Satellite I was launched July 23 (SN: 7/29/72, p. 72). Another reason ERTS I is being taken in stride is that it offers each nation something positive, and the relative position of each nation in relationship to its neighbors and the world is not likely to change because of ERTS imagery. A third reason is that ERTS is only an experimental project-part of a much larger worldwide effort now under way to examine the usefulness of remote sensing of earth's resources from space. Nevertheless, relevant questions concerning this technology are being raised at the United Nations and other international meetings. Some of these were outlined by Norman Fisher, chairman of the Australian committee on earth resources satellite (ERS) systems. Many countries, he said, have restricted areas, where aerial photography is either prohibited or can be done only under approved conditions. Should ERS SyStems be allowed to photograph these areas? (They will.) Should images of one nation's resources be acquired and distributed without permission? should have proprietary use of that What type of organization or organizations should be allowed to operate such satellites? If such satellites become operational, how can a less developed country, without the funds to operate its own satellites, commission, finance and research data about its own resources and for its own use. Fisher illustrated one of his questions. In Australia, he said, mineral rights are generally regarded as belonging to the government. Mine departments of each state grant permission to lease the land over a specified period of time for mining any mineral deposits. During this time, it is the general practice that nobody but the titleholder, or lessee, is permitted to carry out any operations that can be described as prospecting for minerals. This includes airborne sensors; that is, any prospecting rights in the area apply to the air space above the ground. Most of these questions do not apply to the two experimental satellites, ERTS I and II. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration will be getting images of the entire globe. But because NASA has played the game shrewdly, cautiously and openly-preparing the world, so to speakthere are not likely to be any repercussions. ERTS camera resolution capability is at best 100 meters. Practically speaking, it will probably be more like 180 to 275 meters. It will not get down to the object level, and thus any fears about its military espionage value are groundless. (It is generally accepted that military activities are known to world governments anyway. The only fear would be of those governments that don't want their own people to know what other governments know.) By putting the data in the public domain, NASA has gingerly side-stepped the proprietary-use question. Any nation that wants the information can get it at the same time other nations do. The points raised are more relevant to systems that could be flown later once the technology has proved useful. The questions, say the U.S.S.R., France and Australia (to mention a few), should be answered before these later systems become operational. An underlying concern is one of exploitation-modern-day colonization, says one adviser. It is generally expressed as Who has proprietary use of the data? Will the United States, for example, be able to capitalize on another country's lack of expertise or money? What are the possibilities that an American oil firm will be able to orbit its own satellite, keep the data and go into a less developed country to explore for oil? (It is unlikely this will happen. But should a company be so naive, it might later find the oil, its equipment and the money it invested confiscated and nationalized by the host country.) Less dramatic scenarios are more likely; the host country might engage an oil company to explore the possibilities and then share the profits. There are numerous avenues for eliminating the proprietary issue altogether. All of them would, in one form or another, make the data freely accessible to all comers. An example of such satellite use is TIROS, a weather satellite. Any country can buy a readout machine for $5,000 or $6,000. When the satellite is overhead, the nation can read out its own weather. TIROS is a freebie-built and paid for by the United States. In other cases a consortium of nations might put up the capital and then have users pay for service. If an international commercial corporation wanted to buy and fly ERS SyStems, the firm could code the satellite so that each nation would have access to the data taken over its territory through a small receiving ground station. The user nations could request and pay for three passes or six minutes of camera time over their country, for example, and do with their own data as they chose. Or a specialized agency of the United Nations could be set up to manage the satellite systems. The possibilities are numerous. Another concern of less developed countries is how to use the imagery. Beyond having access to the data, will they have the expertise to interpret the information and the money to exploit it? The United Nations Science and Technology Subcommittee for the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space has established a working group called Remote Sensing of the Earth by Satellites to explore such questions. One of the ideas, says Franco Fiorio, chairman, is to assist the developing nations in building up" @default.
• W2328592321 created "2016-06-24" @default.
• W2328592321 creator A5087064426 @default.
• W2328592321 date "1972-08-05" @default.
• W2328592321 modified "2023-09-24" @default.
• W2328592321 title "ERTS and International Relations" @default.
• W2328592321 doi "https://doi.org/10.2307/3957494" @default.
• W2328592321 hasPublicationYear "1972" @default.
• W2328592321 type Work @default.
• W2328592321 sameAs 2328592321 @default.
• W2328592321 citedByCount "0" @default.
• W2328592321 crossrefType "journal-article" @default.
• W2328592321 hasAuthorship W2328592321A5087064426 @default.
• W2328592321 hasConcept C205649164 @default.
• W2328592321 hasConceptScore W2328592321C205649164 @default.
• W2328592321 hasLocation W23285923211 @default.
• W2328592321 hasOpenAccess W2328592321 @default.
• W2328592321 hasPrimaryLocation W23285923211 @default.
• W2328592321 hasRelatedWork W130466365 @default.
• W2328592321 hasRelatedWork W1488399923 @default.
• W2328592321 hasRelatedWork W153910249 @default.
• W2328592321 hasRelatedWork W1551265420 @default.
• W2328592321 hasRelatedWork W2014026949 @default.
• W2328592321 hasRelatedWork W220027390 @default.
• W2328592321 hasRelatedWork W246495123 @default.
• W2328592321 hasRelatedWork W256153702 @default.
• W2328592321 hasRelatedWork W2598508416 @default.
• W2328592321 hasRelatedWork W2609978007 @default.
• W2328592321 hasRelatedWork W266181346 @default.
• W2328592321 hasRelatedWork W290575965 @default.
• W2328592321 hasRelatedWork W292117277 @default.
• W2328592321 hasRelatedWork W296510300 @default.
• W2328592321 hasRelatedWork W2991734822 @default.
• W2328592321 hasRelatedWork W3143863455 @default.
• W2328592321 hasRelatedWork W899145504 @default.
• W2328592321 hasRelatedWork W2132178264 @default.
• W2328592321 hasRelatedWork W2397755020 @default.
• W2328592321 hasRelatedWork W260992931 @default.
• W2328592321 isParatext "false" @default.
• W2328592321 isRetracted "false" @default.
• W2328592321 magId "2328592321" @default.
• W2328592321 workType "article" @default.