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• W2329424982 abstract "In 1783, at the conclusion of the struggle of Britain's American colonies for independence, Spain's overseas empire—centered very largely on the Americas (or Indies)—was still the largest in the world, and with major reforms being implemented from Madrid to ensure more effective defense, it seemed destined to endure. Yet within little more than a generation Madrid's dominion had collapsed and a number of new nation-states had emerged in North, Central, and South America. In Europe, modern or contemporary Spain was born from the wreck of empire. This astonishing transformation was less the result of long-term decline, or Spanish inaptitude for empire, than of contingency—above all the forced abdication of King Ferdinand VII in favor of Napoleon Bonaparte's brother, Joseph, and the dilemma that this created for the former Bourbon monarch's erstwhile subjects. Throughout Spain and Spanish America, local juntas emerged claiming to defend the sovereignty of their legitimate monarch. The imminent bicentenary of these events—and of the achievement of independence by the successor states of Spanish America—will inevitably give rise to much celebration but also, one hopes, to critical thinking about just what was involved in these developments, not least because an impressive body of recent work has opened up some exciting and fruitful new perspectives on them. José M. Portillo Valdés is one of the contributors to this field. In the book under review, a work rich in new insights and approaches, Portillo Valdés insists that we should not regard the breakup of Spanish America as inevitable: all sorts of alternative conclusions were possible. But there is more. Rather than viewing the traumatic events that began in 1808 as constituting an exclusively Spanish American or Spanish affair, he sees them as a Hispanic or Atlantic crisis, one involving the entire Spanish Atlantic community. Portillo Valdés is also emphatic that Spanish American independence did not mean the decline of imperial Spain, because the Spain of 1808 was not an empire. In fact, although the Bourbon reforms were driven by a “colonial” or “imperial” peninsular agenda, those reforms were not entirely successful, and the Hispanic Atlantic remained a composite monarchy in 1808. This did not of course mean that the creole elites of Spanish America did not resent peninsular attitudes and control, or that they did not exploit the situation created in and after 1808 to secure greater space for themselves within this Hispanic political community. But, Portillo Valdés emphasizes, this was a world of shared attitudes and responses, exemplified by the creation of juntas in both Spain and the Americas; and he argues, whatever some individual creoles wanted from the start and whatever the final outcome, autonomy within that community—not complete independence (or emancipation) from it—was what most sought. It would seem that Spaniards shared this view: the first “Spanish” constitution, prepared in 1812 by the Cortes of Cadiz, included the forthright opening statement that “The Spanish nation is the collection of Spaniards in both hemispheres.” So what went wrong? Why did this newly proclaimed political community fragment? Unfortunately, the constitution of 1812 was the work of institutions in Spain—successively, the Central Junta, the Regency, and ultimately the Cortes itself—which lacked legitimacy in the Americas. The Cortes seemed content with a level of representation from the Americas that was less truly representative than that for Spain itself. (In part this reflected established peninsular attitudes regarding the inferiority of America.) By 1814, when Ferdinand VII was restored and both Cortes and constitution overthrown with the restoration of absolutism, the damage had been done, and Ferdinand's attempt to reimpose Bourbon rule in Spanish America by force only confirmed the breach." @default.
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• W2329424982 date "2008-02-01" @default.
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• W2329424982 title "JOSE M. PORTILLO VALDES. Crisis Atlantica: Autonomia e independencia en la crisis de la monarquia hispana. Madrid: Fundacion Carolina. 2006. Pp. 318" @default.
• W2329424982 doi "https://doi.org/10.1086/ahr.113.1.140" @default.
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