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- W2330218825 abstract "Partly by design, partly by accident, partly by invitation, and partly owing to the strength of its institutions, the United States has become an empire. It did not initiate war with Japan, but it successfully countered Japan's expansionism, not to say its atrocities, in a military conflict that lasted nearly four years, took roughly 139,000 American lives, and wounded over 300,000 more. Total United States casualties in the battle for Okinawa alone were 49,151—including 12,520 killed in action. Little wonder, one should note, that the United States might expect to influence or control Japanese territories at war's end, especially those considered strategically valuable. Why the United States decided to occupy Okinawa, why it chose to make the island a virtual colony, and why, ultimately, it chose to return it are the themes of this excellent study. The United States originally held Okinawa because it feared future Japanese aggression. Given Japan's history of militarism, Japanese revanchism constituted no small concern. Even after the signing of the Japanese peace treaty, American officials worried about Japan's dependability as an ally. Then the United States became concerned about Soviet expansion and Chinese Communist aggression. The island's trategic location allowed United States Air Force planes using its bases to strike at targets in Asia and parts of Europe. Additionally, powerful sentiment held that “we won that damned war”; since we took Oki-nawa in a bloody battle against an unscrupulous enemy, we should keep it. But the keeping meant vicious bureaucratic infighting within American policy circles, some of the most bitter of which occurred between the American high commissioner of the Ryukyu Islands, Lt. Gen. Paul Caraway, and the ambassador to Japan, Edwin Reischauer. Rei-schauer, the author correctly points out, was never as closely associated with President John F. Kennedy as scholars have been wont to believe. Eventually Japanese and Okinawan protest against the American presence led to demands for the island's return to Japan, especially as Japan found itself more closely associated with United States interests during the Cold War era." @default.
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- W2330218825 date "2002-06-01" @default.
- W2330218825 modified "2023-10-16" @default.
- W2330218825 title "Keystone: The American Occupation of Okinawa and U.S.-Japanese Relations" @default.
- W2330218825 doi "https://doi.org/10.2307/2700895" @default.
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