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• W23314099 abstract "While modern science understands mind and its disorders on an increasingly fine-grained basis, state-of-the-(cognitive) art when Austen wrote her novels had no such subtle distinctions. Hers was an era in which mad were confined to horrendous asylums--for example, London's Bethlem Royal Hospital, whose nickname, Bedlam, would become a synonym for uproarious confusion--and put on display for a penny, a fee said to have been periodically waived because sight of mad was considered instructive. (1) Visitors were encouraged to poke inmates with sticks or otherwise excite them when their behavior was found insufficiently disturbed to yield desired entertainment. Conceptions of mind, its disorders, and how those disorders were treated were scarcely past time when madness was demonic possession: mind was thought to be immaterial, imperishable, and untreatable, except perhaps though severe shocks and frights administered in attempts (now of course recognized as thoroughly misguided) to restore sense to afflicted. Madness was simply a mystery. As Dr. Thomas Percival,2 a prominent physician with whom Austen was familiar, admitted, the various diseases which are classed under title of insanity, remain less understood than any others with which mankind are visited (28). Austen's ability to represent psychology of her characters in a way that makes them convincingly real to imagination poses question of what she would have known about mind and its disorders. An answer requires insight into how sufferers from mental disorders were treated during Regency and how mind and madness were perceived by authors whom she read--in particular, William Shakespeare, James Boswell, and Elizabeth Hamilton--as well as an examination of how prevailing wisdom in general and these literary sources in particular may have informed her novels. How Jane Austen presented mind and madness in her novels will be contrasted with what she knew and wrote about medicine and medical practices for physical illnesses and injuries. The tenor of times and way in which Austen wrote about mind and madness, in turn, suggest that whatever firsthand knowledge she would have had from mental impairments of her brother George and uncle Thomas would have been scrupulously hidden--removed from society, like relatives in question, to remove any taint of scandal. HISTORIC SUPPORT OF THE MENTALLY ILL The times into which Austen was born (1775) were turbulent: American colonies fought for their independence during her childhood (1775-1783); France slaughtered its nobility during her teens and early twenties (1789-1799) while she wrote juvenilia and Lady Susan and adapted Sir Charles Grandison as a satiric play (Le Faye, Family Record xviii-xxix, 150). Between 1803 and 1815, British slaves revolted in Caribbean and Napoleon created havoc across Europe, period when she wrote The Watsons and her novels, revised Lady Susan, and continued her voluminous correspondence (Family Record xviii-xxix). The novels refer to these latter events--Captain Wentworth becomes wealthy capturing enemy ships; Sir Thomas owns a sugar plantation in Antigua--suggesting that Austen chose to let what transpired in wider world inform but not overly intrude upon intimate neighborhoods her characters inhabited. At same time, these worldly hints highlight that Austen wrote what she knew, either from her personal experience or from that of her emissaries, friends and family members who wrote to her of places and events. Omissions--few illnesses or injuries beyond what an apothecary might treat, no madness entailing social and legal implications--therefore suggest limits of her experience, or an authorial inability to tackle truly dismal matters, or an unwillingness to treat subjects that had potential to reveal secrets embarrassing to her own family, and perhaps to royal family as well, since King's health was fragile enough to necessitate Regency and undoubtedly would have made topic a sensitive one. …" @default.
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• W23314099 date "2013-01-01" @default.
• W23314099 modified "2023-09-27" @default.
• W23314099 title "Cartesian Dualism, Real and Literary Madness in the Regency, and the Mind and Madness in Austen's Novels" @default.
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